SUMMARY Starting from 1,4:3,6-dianhydrosorbitol (DAS, l), a five step monomer synthesis led to 2-deoxy-1,4 : 3,6-dianhydro-2-isocyanato-~-iditol, 9, which by catalytic polyaddition gave polyurethane 13. A second route required the synthesis of 2-azido-5-O-chloroformyl-2-deoxy-1,4 : 3,6-dianhydro-~-iditol, 11. During catalytic hydrogenation, the intermediate 2-aminochloroformyl derivative 12 underwent spontaneous polycondensation. The structure of 13 was characterized by 'H and I3C NMR, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. Gel-permeation chromatography showed &?" = 8000-12000 corresponding to a degree of polymerisation up to 70. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed the polyadduct to be semicrystalline with a glass transition at Tg = 118°C and a melting range of 190-200°C. The polycondensation product was found to be crystalline with a melting range of 140-180°C.

The 2,5‐diamino compounds of the three isomeric 1,4 : 3,6‐dianhydrohexitols with D‐gluco‐ (1), D‐manno‐ (2) and L‐ido (3) configuration were efficiently transformed into the corresponding diisocyanates 7, 8 and 10 as well as the L‐ido diisothiocyanate 9 by a hot phosgenation procedure. Catalytic homogenous polyaddition procedures yielded various novel carbohydrate‐derived polyurethanes and polyureas. The polymers were characterized using IR and 1H/ 13C NMR spectroscopy, viscosimetry and DSC. Number‐average molecular weights were obtained from gel‐permeation chromatography to be M̄n 8 900–20 600 g/mol.

The three isomeric 1,4:3,6-dianhydroalditols with D-gluco-(2), D-manno-(11) and L-id0 (17) configuration and both 1,4-anhydroalditoIs with threo (22) and erythro (27) configuration were efficiently transformed into the corresponding diamino derivatives. Interfacial polycondensation of these chiral heterocyclic diamines with purchasable aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acid chlorides gave polyamides 35 and 36a-f, 37, 38 and 39a-d. The polymers were characterized using IR and 'H/13C NMR spectroscopy. Number-average molecular weights were obtained from gel-permeation chromatography to be an = 5 000-25 000 corresponding to a number-average degree of polymerization up to Fn = 100. Inherent viscosities were measured, and differential scanning calorimetry gave information on the thermal properties of the polymers. 0 1991, Huthig & Wepf Verlag, Base1 CCC 0025-1 16)

The synthesis of novel polyurethanes and polyureas based on modified glycosylamines and glucosamines has been successfully accomplished by catalytic polymerizations. Several modified glucosamine monomers were synthesized to study their reactivities during these polymerization reactions. It was found that the anomeric hydroxyl groups are more reactive than the amino groups. The resulting polymers were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elementary analysis, viscosimetry, and gel permeation chromatography.

At equal levels of performance, activated (TAED) and catalytic (Mn-TMTACN) laundry bleaching can differ considerably in terms of the concomitant damage to fibres and dyes. To quantify this damage, differently dyed cotton fabrics, and a representative set of eight vat dyes and CI Reactive Brown 7 were used. It is shown that dye fading and fibre degradation are dye-specific and are both highly coupled phenomena. The interpretation of the damage data is based on dye chemistry, reflectance spectroscopy (UV/VIS and NIR) and EPR measurements. Whereas compelling evidence for a genuine catalytic cycle with the quoted manganese complex is lacking, a possible catalytic role of the dyes is proposed. The dramatic green shift resulting from the catalytic bleaching of CI Vat Blue 4 is explained in detail. The corresponding oxidation is reversible and possibly useful as a fibre damage indicator.