side of a question, just to clarify his ideas. If a research student could talk him out of a proposed ex-"promoters" of Research, jealous of priority, eager for subsidy irrespective of appropriate competence, he was a "gentleman-scholar" in the old-fashioned individual and collective meaning of these terms.

Safe and efficient operation of a battery pack requires a battery management system (BMS) that can accurately predict the pack state-of-heath (SOH). Although there is no universal definition for battery SOH, it is often defined based on the increase in the battery's internal resistance. Techniques such as extended Kalman filter (EKF) and recursive least squares (RLS) are two frequently used approaches for online estimation of this resistance. These two methods can, however, be computationally expensive, especially in the case of a battery pack composed of hundreds of cells. In addition, both methods require a battery model as well as chemistry specific parameters. Therefore, this paper investigates the performance of a direct resistance estimation (DRE) technique that requires minimal computational resources and can be implemented without any training data. This approach estimates the ohmic resistance only when the battery experiences sharp pulses in current. Comparison of results from the three algorithms shows that the DRE algorithm can accurately identify a degraded cell under various operating conditions while significantly reducing the required computational complexity. The findings will further advance diagnostic techniques for the identification of a weak cell in a large battery pack.

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The retarding effect o f carbon m onoxide is due to the adsorption o f the gas on the reaction sites, the heat given out in the change being 46 kcal. On the basis o f this value, which implies that the molecule is adsorbed chemically, it is possible to calculate theoretically the order of magnitude of the retardation constant, k2. I n t r o d u c t i o nThis investigation form s p a rt of a com prehensive stu d y of th e reactions of th e steam -carbon system . The effect on th e separate reactions of changes in th e p a rtial pressures of th e gases has been described in a previous p ap er (Gadsby, H inshelw ood & Sykes 1946), in which th e general in te rp re ta tio n of th e m ain kinetic relationships was also discussed. In continuation of th is work, th e detailed m echanism o f th e reactions in w hich solid carbon is converted into gaseous carbon m onoxide has now been studied. The present p aper deals w ith th e results o btained for th e carbon dioxide-carbon reaction, an d an accom panying one w ith those for-th e steamcarbon reaction. O u t l i n e o f m e t h o dThe principle of th e m ethod is th e com plem entary use of b o th th e flow a n d th e sta tic techniques. The variatio n of th e ra te of reaction w ith th e p a rtia l pressures of