Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Issues related to the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity conservation policies have not yet been prominent in European conservation research and policy-making. Nevertheless, there is a small but growing literature which analyses such cost-effectiveness issues on both a conceptual and an applied level. The article reviews this literature, and focuses on reserves and compensation payments for conservation measures as the two most relevant conservation policy instruments in Europe. Progress has been achieved in understanding the cost-effective allocation of conservation measures and reserve sites, and further advances can be expected by integrating knowledge from ecology and the neoclassical analysis of policy instruments. Terms of use: Documents inResearch on cost-effective monitoring, enforcement and decision-making has addressed selected issues such as designing incentives for farmers to reveal their conservation costs to the regulator. However, issues with high relevance for European conservation policy such as the cost-effectiveness of compensation payments for results and implementation problems related to the network NATURA 2000 have been neglected.
Tradable permits have been applied in many areas of environmental policy and may be a response to increasing calls for flexible conservation instruments that successfully conserve biodiversity while allowing for economic development. The idea behind applying tradable permits to conservation is that developers wishing to turn land to economic purposes, thereby destroying valuable habitat, may only do so if they submit a permit to the conservation agency showing that habitat of at least the equivalent ecological value is restored elsewhere. The developer himself does not need to carry out the restoration, but may buy a permit from a third party, thus allowing a market to emerge. Nevertheless, the application of tradable permits to biodiversity conservation is a complex issue because destroyed and restored habitats are likely to differ. There may be various trade-offs between the ecological requirements that destroyed and restored habitats be as similar as possible, and the need for a certain level of market activity to have a functioning trading system. The success of tradable permits as an instrument for reconciling the conflicts between economic development and conservation depends on the existence of certain economic, institutional, and ecological preconditions, for example, a functioning institutional framework, sufficient expert knowledge, and adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.Resumen: Los permisos negociables han sido aplicados en muchasáreas de la política ambiental y pueden ser una respuesta al incremento de la necesidad de contar con instrumentos de conservación flexibles, que conserven la biodiversidad exitosamente al mismo tiempo que permiten el desarrollo económico. La idea detrás de la aplicación de permisos negociables en la conservación es que los desarrolladores interesados en cambiar el uso de suelo por motivos económicos, lo que implica la destrucción de hábitat valioso, sólo lo pueden hacer si presentan un permiso que muestre que se está restaurando hábitat con calidad al menos equivalente en otro sitio. La restauración no necesita ser llevada a cabo por el desarrollador, sino que puede adquirir el permiso de un tercero, con lo cual se permite que emerja un mercado. Sin embargo, la aplicación de permisos negociables en la conservación de la biodiversidad es un tema complejo porque es probable que los hábitats destruidos y restaurados difieran. Puede haber varios pros y contras entre que los requerimientos ecológicos de hábitats destruidos y restaurados sean lo más similares posible y la necesidad de un cierto nivel de actividad del mercado para tener un sistema comercial funcional. Eléxito de los permisos negociables como un instrumento para la reconciliación de conflictos entre el desarrollo económico y la conservación depende de la existencia de ciertas precondiciones económicas, institucionales y ecológicas, por ejemplo, un marco institucional en operación, suficiente conocimiento experto y mecanismos de monitoreo y vigilancia adecuados.
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