Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. Carbohydrates are metabolized into glucose, in gastrointestinal tract than absorbed into the bloodstream and increase blood glucose level. This absorption process is catalyzed by α-glucosidase enzyme. Previous studies showed that tea (Camellia sinensis) extract have antidiabetic activity in mice induced by streptozotocin. The aim of this study was to compared the in vitro activity of tea extract in inhibiting α-glucosidase. Black tea and green trea extracts were tested for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Acarbose was used as positive control. IC50 extract was 54.86 µg/mL for black tea and 44.79 µg/mL for green tea. This study showed that inhibitory effect of green tea was higher than black tea.   Keywords: black tea, green tea, diabetes mellitus, α-glucosidase

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome due to disorders of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism due to decreased insulin secretion or reduced insulin sensitivity. The number of people with diabetes mellitus is increasing every year. However, diabetes mellitus is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, blindness, kidney failure, and amputation due to gangrene. Patients with diabetes mellitus have a possibility of 2-3 times higher cardiovascular disease than non diabetic. Sappan wood containing brazilin that have antioxidant activity and had a potential activity to lower the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective of this research was to determine the activity of secang wood extract as an antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic on diabetic rat. Diabetic rat induced by alloxan and given extract once daily for 14 days. At 15th day, blood glucose level, lipid profile was determine, pancreas was harvested and processed to hystopathological examination. Secang wood extract decreased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL level, increase HDL level, and repair the histology of pancreas on diabetic rat after 14 days treatment. Based on the result, secang wood extract had antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic activity on diabetic rat.

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Inflammation is the body's reaction to infection, irritation, or foreign substances, as the body's defenses. Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandins, fluid extravasation, and tissue damage are essential to protect our body as an inflammatory response. One of the plants in Indonesia that can develop is Cinnamomum burmannii. These plants are identified to contain some substances such as flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. The purposed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the Cinnamomum burmannii extract using in vitro method compared with diclofenac sodium. Cinnamon bark was extracted using 96% ethanol, and phytochemical screening was determined. Anti-inflammatory test in vitro using two methods, membrane stabilization and protein denaturation inhibition. Antiinflammatory activity using the membrane stabilization method, the IC50 of the extract was 84.45 ± 3.55 µg/mL, while in the protein denaturation method, the IC50 of the extract was 57.412 ± 0.718 µg/ mL. Even though the IC50 of the extract was lower, it is still lower than diclofenac sodium as drug control. Our result showed that cinnamon is potential as an antiinflammation and needs to be developed further.

Background: A keystone to achieving successful therapy is medication adherence, supported by the patient’s self-efficacy on using medication. In Indonesia, the development of quality instruments to measure patient adherence based on self-efficacy remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication use Scale (SEAMS-I) in patients with stroke. Methods: After forward and backward translations, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among ambulatory patients with stroke attending a neurology clinic of a public hospital in Jember, East Java, Indonesia, to evaluate the instrument’s structural validity and reliability using convenience sampling. Results: A total of 114 participants (62, 54.4% males) signed the informed consent, and exploratory factor analysis was performed on the 12-item SEAMS-I. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was 0.815, with a significant Bartlett’s sphericity test p < 0.001 and a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.851. Conclusion: The SEAMS-I demonstrated good structural validity and reliability when tested in patients with stroke.