Construal Level Theory (CLT) is one of the most foundational theories in social cognition. However, the few replication studies available indicate a mixed pattern regarding the evidence supporting this theory. This article assesses the credibility of CLT more widely by using publication bias correction techniques on published studies in the CLT literature. First, we reanalyse the largest and most recent meta-analysis on CLT using a `RoBMA (robust Bayesian meta-analysis) multiverse' approach with 12 different model specifications. We find strong evidence for publication bias across all 12 models, which has inflated previous effect size estimates. Moreover, the majority of these model specifications show evidence against CLT effects. Second, we conduct a quantitative assessment of evidence in more recent studies on CLT using z-curve, which indicates a strong mismatch between observed and expected discovery rates. These analyses call the evidence underlying CLT into question and highlight the pressing need for replications in the form of high-powered registered reports.

The article informs readers about the construction of a test of narcissism and associated phenomena. The author developed a scale based on a defi nition from the American Psychiatric Association (DSM IV-TR) and it is intended for use in standardised sociological surveys of non-clinical populations. The author tested it in two surveys: a pilot survey (N=141, snowball sampling) and in a representative survey of the Czech Republic (N=1081, quota sampling). The resulting parameters (17 items, the common factor exhausts 47% of the variance, Cronbach's  = 0,926) indicate that the test is more reliable than other instruments used to date (NPI, NPI-16) and owing to its smaller scope is also easy to use in questionnaire surveys. Intensive questioning confi rmed the scale's validity and produced results that correspond with the fi ndings of psychologists focusing on this issue. The author inductively arrived at an auxiliary typology of narcissism. In the text he distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary narcissists, the characteristics of which are described in literature published to date. The fi ndings presented in the article support the view of cognitive psychologists (e.g. J. Beck) who interpret narcissism as a 'defective cognitive scheme'. However, given the scope of the phenomenon measured in the Czech Republic (narcissistic features can be observed approximately from the eighth decile), narcissism cannot still be viewed as just a marginal and pathological phenomenon. On the contrary, it is necessary to approach it as a phenomenon that has a strong social aspect and also plays a signifi cant role in how modern society functions. In the Czech population narcissistic features are most often observed among the young generation (aged 18-29), childless, singles and people living in communities with more than 5000 inhabitants. As well as identifying narcissism as a socio-cultural phenomenon the article also demonstrates the relationship between the observed phenomenon and homosexuality.

The author of this article conducted a representative survey (N=1081) to examine the signs of non-clinical narcissism in professional life, human relations, and self-control. He found that people with narcissistic characteristics more often occupy socio-professional positions that place high demands on self-presentation, which means on appearance and demeanour. People with narcissistic characteristics also tend to seek out such professions more often. The interest in obtaining jobs that place high demands on self-presentation is more strongly associated with non-clinical narcissism than with whether or not the individual currently occupies such a position. Respondents with narcissistic characteristics also more often profess better chances of succeeding in such a position. People with narcissistic characteristics typically communicate on two typical levels: ego-confi rmative and negotiative. Narcissistic types generally use communication primarily as a means of presenting their idealised Self (ego-confi rmative level). However, when respondents who scored as narcissists in the test enter an interaction from which only one side can profi t (negotiative comunication), they defend only their own interests and pay little attention to the needs of others. Narcissistic types also exhibit a higher level of self-control, which some criminologists associate with delinquency.