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The inhibition and eradication of oral biofilms is increasingly focused on the use of plant extracts as mouthwashes and toothpastes adjuvants. Here, we report on the chemical composition and the antibiofilm activity of 15 methanolic extracts of Iris species against both mono-(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) and multi-species oral biofilms (Streptococcus gordonii, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii). The phytochemical profiles of Iris pallida s.l., Iris versicolor L., Iris lactea Pall., Iris carthaliniae Fomin, and Iris germanica were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) analysis, and a total of 180 compounds were identified among Iris species with (iso)flavonoid dominancy. I. pallida, I. versicolor, and I. germanica inhibited both the quorum sensing and adhesion during biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the extracts were less active against maturated biofilms. Of the five tested species, Iris pallida s.l. was the most effective at both inhibiting biofilm formation and disrupting existing biofilms, and the leaf extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect compared to the root and rhizome extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was excluded in human fibroblasts. The inhibition of bacterial adhesion significantly correlated with myristic acid content, and quorum sensing inhibition correlated with the 7-β-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one content. These findings could be useful for establishing an effective tool for the control of oral biofilms and thus dental diseases.

This paper describes a single-laboratory validation of a liquid chromatography–diode array detection (LC–DAD) method for quantification of 12 major cannabinoids in Cannabis dried plant materials, concentrates, and oils. The method met Standard Method Performance Requirements for quantitative analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis concentrates and Cannabis dried plant materials. The LOQs were in the range 0.003–0.10% (w/w), depending on the analyte and matrix. Spike recoveries were between 96.7 and 101.3% with relative SDs (RSDs) ≤2.3%. Precision expressed as repeatability and intermediate precision was within 0.3–4.8 and 1.1–5.1%, respectively. The chromatographic separation conditions used in this versatile method are compatible with both DAD–UV and MS detection. During method validation, high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight MS was employed as a secondary detector (connected in series to the LC–DAD instrument) to provide high confidence identification of target analytes and as a tool for monitoring other cannabinoids for which reference standards were not available. The obtained results demonstrate applicability of the method to quantitative analysis of important cannabinoids in dried plants, concentrates, and oils. Limited data were generated for a food matrix (Cannabis-containing cookies) using this method with LC coupled to a compact single quadrupole mass spectrometer.

This paper describes a single-laboratory validation of a liquid chromatography–diode array detection (LC–DAD) method for quantification of 12 major cannabinoids in Cannabis dried plant materials, concentrates, and oils. The method met Standard Method Performance Requirements for quantitative analysis of cannabinoids in Cannabis concentrates and Cannabis dried plant materials. The LOQs were in the range 0.003–0.10% (w/w), depending on the analyte and matrix. Spike recoveries were between 96.7 and 101.3% with relative SDs (RSDs) ≤2.3%. Precision expressed as repeatability and intermediate precision was within 0.3–4.8 and 1.1–5.1%, respectively. The chromatographic separation conditions used in this versatile method are compatible with both DAD–UV and MS detection. During method validation, high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight MS was employed as a secondary detector (connected in series to the LC–DAD instrument) to provide high confidence identification of target analytes and as a tool for monitoring other cannabinoids for which reference standards were not available. The obtained results demonstrate applicability of the method to quantitative analysis of important cannabinoids in dried plants, concentrates, and oils. Limited data were generated for a food matrix (Cannabis-containing cookies) using this method with LC coupled to a compact single quadrupole mass spectrometer.

Background The root microbiome of medical Cannabisplants has been largely unexplored due to past legal restrictions in many countries. To gain insight into the microbial communities of Cannabis sativaL. cultivars with different tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) profiles, a greenhouse trial was carried out with and without inoculants added to the growth substrate. Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS was used to analyze the root and rhizosphere microbiome of the five cultivars. Results Plant biomass production showed higher in three of five cultivars with K2 treatments (Rhizophagus irregularis and forest microbial suspension). Blossom dry weight of THE cultivar was greater when inoculated with R. irregularis and microbial suspension than no inoculation. Twelve phytocannabinoid compounds in mature Cannabisvaried among cultivars and were affected by inoculants. For example, CBG concentration was higher in CCL cultivar in response to F treatment than other treatments; and CBGA production was higher in ECC cultivar with K1 treatments. We found microbes which were shared among cultivars, Terrimicrobium sp., Actinoplanes sp., and Trichoderma reeseiwere shared by the cultivars ECC-EUS-THE, CCL-ECC, and EUS-THE, respectively. Conclusion This study showed that inoculants influenced the production of phytocannabinoids in five Cannabis cultivars. The microbial diversity and community structure associated with Cannabisroots and rhizosphere may be useful in identifying key taxa for inclusion in Cannabis inoculants.