A variety of optical and electro-optical instruments are used for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications to the human eye. These generally expose ocular structures to either coherent or incoherent optical radiation (ultraviolet, visible, or infrared radiation) under unique conditions. We convert both laser and incoherent exposure guidelines derived for normal exposure conditions to the application of ophthalmic sources.

BackgroundBesides intraocular pressure, vascular factors play a role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. One of these potential vascular factors is Flammer syndrome. The purpose of the present study was to determine in a Korean population whether signs and symptoms of Flammer syndrome occur more often in normal tension glaucoma patients than in control subjects.MethodsTwo hundred forty-six normal tension glaucoma patients and 1116 control subjects responded to a multiple-choice questionnaire asking about 15 signs and symptoms of Flammer syndrome.ResultsSeven of the 15 signs and symptoms of Flammer syndrome (increased drug sensitivity, good smell perception, reversible skin blotches, tinnitus, long sleep onset time, tendency to perfectionism, and cold hands/feet) were significantly more often positive in normal tension glaucoma patients than in controls. Six additional signs and symptoms (migraines, low blood pressure, headaches, dizziness, increased pain sensation, and feeling cold) also occurred more often, but did not reach statistical significance. Only two items (low body weight and reduced feeling of thirst) were more frequently (not significant) positive in the controls.ConclusionThere is an association between normal tension glaucoma and Flammer syndrome. If future studies confirm this relationship, treatment of Flammer syndrome may help to prevent normal tension glaucoma or to slow down its progression.

The intended depth of CXL using current light sources is achieved only within the central area of the cornea. To provide CXL to the peripheral cornea, the ultraviolet beam either should have an improved intensity profile or may have to be decentered.

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