Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters, indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known as well as not-yet-identified products of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

The blue mold fungus, Penicillium expansum, is a postharvest apple pathogen that contributes to food waste by rotting fruit and by producing harmful mycotoxins (e.g. patulin). To identify genes controlling pathogen virulence, a random T-DNA insertional library was created from wild-type P. expansum strain R19. One transformant, T625, had reduced virulence in apples, blistered mycelial hyphae, and a T-DNA insertion that abolished transcription of the single copy locus in which it was inserted. The gene, Blistering1, encodes a protein with a DnaJ domain, but otherwise has little homology outside the Aspergillaceae, a family of fungi known for producing antibiotics, mycotoxins, and cheese. Because protein secretion is critical for these processes and for host infection, mass spectrometry was used to monitor proteins secreted into liquid media during fungal growth. T625 failed to secrete a set of enzymes that degrade plant cell walls, along with ones that synthesize the three final biosynthetic steps of patulin. Consequently, the culture broth of T625 had significantly reduced capacity to degrade apple tissue and contained 30 times less patulin. Quantitative mass spectrometry of 3,282 mycelial proteins revealed that T625 had altered cellular networks controlling protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, protein export, vesicle-mediated transport, and endocytosis. T625 also had reduced proteins controlling mRNA surveillance and RNA processing. Transmission electron microscopy of hyphal cross sections confirmed that T625 formed abnormally enlarged endosomes or vacuoles. These data reveal that Blistering1 affects internal and external protein processing involving vesicle-mediated transport in a family of fungi with medical, commercial, and agricultural importance.

The apple scab pathogen, Venturia inaequalis, is among the most economically important fungal pathogens that affects apples. Fungicide applications are an essential part of disease management. Implementation of cultural practices and genetic sources of resistance in the host are vital components of scab management. This is the first presentation of multiple, high quality, well-annotated genomes of four North American V. inaequalis isolates having both sensitive and multiple fungicide resistance phenotypes. We envision that these isolates will enable investigations into fungicide resistance mechanisms, exploring fungal virulence factors and delineating phylogenomic relationships among apple scab isolates from around the world.

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known, as well as not-yet-identified products, of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.