In this work we report on the syntheses of energetic salts of cyanotetrazolate-1- and -2-oxides; this offers a unique ability to compare the effects of tetrazole 1- versus 2-oxidation. 5-Cyanotetrazolate-2-oxide can be synthesized by oxidation of the 5-cyanotetrazolate anion with Oxone, while the corresponding 1-oxide was synthesized by the rearrangement of azidoaminofurazan. Both chemical (multinuclear NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, etc.) as well as explosive (impact, friction, and static sensitivities) properties are reported for these energetic salts. Calculated explosive performances using the EXPLO5 computer code are also reported. We furthermore detail the chemistry of these two anions, and their ability to form tetrazole-carboxamides, dihydrotetrazines, and tetrazines. The ability to hydrolyze cyanotetrazole oxides to their amides was demonstrated by two copper complexes. Several crystal structures of these species are presented in addition to full chemical characterization. Finally, the unique 1,4,-bis(2-N-oxidotetrazolate)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine anion was characterized as an energetic material as its ammonium salt.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. There remains great uncertainty about the economic consequences of co-determination in German supervisory boards. Because employee representation on company boards is mandatory, depending on the legal form and size of the company, a direct comparison of those companies that apply co-determination and those that do not has not yet been possible. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor mayHowever, based on a new kind of combined data set, this paper conducts such a direct comparison, leading to more reliable results about the economic consequences of workers' participation on two core performance indicators: productivity and profitability. Accordingly, the existence of a co-determined supervisory board seems to positively affect productivity, but not profitability.

SummaryIn Germany, the establishment of supervisory boards and, therefore, the board-level employee representation are mandatory, depending on the legal form and size of a company. However, the empirical analysis reveals that the bigger part of the companies observed (Limited liability companies with 500 to 2000 employees active in the West-German service sector) does not satisfy the law. This fact has strong impact on research questions in the co-determination field: Many studies have tried to analyze the economic consequences of the German co-determination laws (all examining the 1976 Co-determination Act). However, as the regulations are compulsory, compelling results are difficult to obtain. The bigger part of the studies compares companies that fall into the scope of different co-determination laws. This implies that mainly big companies are contrasted to smaller ones. It is not difficult to see that a comparison of such kind entails further irregularities. The study presented allows better analysis. The data is taken from two sources: the commercial Hoppenstedt Database and official German statistics. Due to the special kind of data it is possible to compare companies of same size, same legal form, active in the same sector that only differ in the existence or non-existence of a supervisory board. Therefore, the study at hand provides more accurate evidence of the economic consequences of the German 2004 Co-determination Act.

The economic consequences of workers’ participation rights in Germany are still uncertain. Because employee representation at the board level is mandatory based on the legal form and size of the company, a direct comparison of firms that apply co-determination and those that do not does not appear to be possible. However, a new kind of data set used in this paper allows such a direct comparison. The present study analyzes the potential impact of co-determined supervisory boards on employment. Whereas several studies have looked at the possible effects of works councils on employment growth, the effects of co-determination at the enterprise level have been the object of investigation only once. The present paper contributes to this lack of empirical evidence in showing that there is no significant correlation between supervisory board existence and employment growth.