BackgroundBronchiolitis is a major source of morbimortality among young children worldwide. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) implemented to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 may have had an important impact on bronchiolitis outbreaks, as well as major societal consequences. Discriminating between their respective impacts would help define optimal public health strategies against bronchiolitis. We aimed to assess the respective impact of each NPI on bronchiolitis outbreaks in 14 European countries.MethodsWe conducted a quasi-experimental interrupted time-series analysis based on a multicentre international study. All children diagnosed with bronchiolitis presenting to the paediatric emergency department of one of the 27 centres from January 2018 to March 2021 were included. We assessed the association between each NPI and change in the bronchiolitis trend over time by seasonally adjusted multivariable quasi-Poisson regression modelling.ResultsIn total, 42 916 children were included. We observed an overall cumulative 78% reduction (95%CI [−100;−54], p<0.0001) in bronchiolitis cases following NPI implementation. The decrease varied between countries from −97% (95%CI [−100;−47], p=0.0005) to −36% (95%CI [−79;+07], p=0.105). Full lockdown (IRR 0.21, 95%CI [0.14;0.30], p<0.001), secondary-school closure (IRR 0.33, 95%CI [0.20;0.52], p<0.0001), wearing a mask indoors (IRR 0.49, 95%CI [0.25;0.94], p=0.034), and teleworking (IRR 0.55, 95%CI [0.31;0.97], p=0.038) were independently associated with reducing bronchiolitis.ConclusionSeveral NPIs were associated with a reduction of bronchiolitis outbreaks, including full lockdown, school closure, teleworking and facial masking. Some of these public health interventions may be considered to further reduce the global burden of bronchiolitis.

This study is a prospective evaluation of the validity of a Manchester triage system (MTS) modification for detecting under-triaged pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Children with CHD visiting the emergency unit of the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Vienna in 2014 were included. The MTS modification updated the prioritization of patients with complex syndromic diseases, specific symptoms related to chronic diseases, decreased general condition (DGC), profound language impairment, unknown medical history, or special needs. A four-level outcome severity index based on diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, admission to hospital, and follow-up strategies was defined as a reference standard for the correct clinical classification of the MTS urgency level. Of the 19,264 included children, 940 had CHD. Of this group, 266 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the modified triage method. The MTS modification was significantly more often applied in under-triaged (65.9%) than correctly or over-triaged (25%) children with CHD (p-value χ2 test < 0.0001, OR 5.848, 95% CI: 3.636–9.6).Conclusion: The MTS urgency level upgrade modification could reduce under-triage in children with CHD. Applying a safety strategy concept to the MTS could mitigate under-triage in such a high-risk patient group. What is Known:• The Manchester triage system is considered to be valid and reliable but tends to over-triage.• A study by Seiger et al. showed poor performance in children with chronic illnesses, especially in children with cardiovascular diseases. What is New:• The MTS modification with one urgency level upgrade could decrease under-triage in children with congenital heart disease.• As reference standard a four level outcome severity index (OSI) was established to include diagnostic investigations, medical interventions, hospital admission or follow up visits in the assessment.

This study is a prospective evaluation of the validity of a Manchester Triage System (MTS) modification for detecting under-triaged pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Children with CHD visiting the emergency unit of the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna General Hospital, in 2014 were included. The MTS modification updated the prioritization of patients with complex syndromic diseases, specific symptoms related to chronic diseases, decreased general condition (DGC), profound language impairment, unknown medical history, or special needs. A four-level outcome severity index based on diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, admission to hospital, and follow-up strategies, was defined as a reference standard for the correct clinical classification of the MTS urgency level. Of the 19,264 included children, 940 had CHD. Of this group, 266 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the modified triage method. The MTS modification was significantly more often applied in under-triaged (65.9%) than correctly or over-triaged (25%) children with CHD (p-value χ²test <0.0001, OR 5.848 95% CI: 3.636-9.6).Conclusion: The MTS urgency level upgrade modification could reduce under-triage in children with CHD. Applying a safety strategy concept to the MTS could mitigate under-triage in such a high-risk patient group.