Background A significant gap in the literature on risk factors for psychopathy is the relative lack of research on parental bonding. Method This study examines the cross-sectional relationship between maternal and paternal bonding, childhood physical abuse and psychopathic personality at age 28 years in a community sample of 333 males and females. It also assesses prospectively whether children separated from their parents in the first 3 years of life are more likely to have a psychopathic-like personality 25 years later. Results Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that: (1) poor parental bonding (lack of maternal care and low paternal overprotection) and childhood physical abuse were both associated with a psychopathic personality; (2) parental bonding was significantly associated with psychopathic personality after taking into account sex, social adversity, ethnicity and abuse; (3) those separated from parents in the first 3 years of life were particularly characterized by low parental bonding and a psychopathic personality in adulthood; and (4) the deviant behavior factor of psychopathy was more related to lack of maternal care whereas the emotional detachment factor was related to both lack of maternal care and paternal overprotection. Conclusions Findings draw attention to the importance of different components of early bonding in relation to adult psychopathy, and may have potential implications for early intervention and prevention of psychopathy.

Results from 5 studies illustrate how perception of and experiences with low job mobility can shape culture-characteristic pattern of judgments and behaviors. Although both Americans and some Asian groups (e.g., Chinese, Asian Americans) consider having successful practitioners' personality traits (role personalities) to be important to job performance, the Asian groups place heavier emphasis on possessing role personalities when making performance forecast than do Americans (Studies 1-3). Moreover, even among Americans, a brief subjective experience with low job mobility can increase the perceived importance of possessing role personalities in performance forecast (Study 4), and a brief direct experience with low job mobility can increase job applicants' tendency to claim possession of role personality traits in job applications (Study 5). Furthermore, the belief in a fixed world mediates the relationship between perception of low job mobility and perceived importance of possessing role personalities in performance forecast (Study 2).

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INTRODUCTIONChronic hepatitis B infection is a major global health problem with an estimated 400 million hepatitis B carriers world-wide. 1 Spontaneous acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection is relatively common, with a cumulative probability of 15±37% after 4 years of follow-up. 2 Positive hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), elevated transaminase levels at presentation and male gender are associated with more frequent development of acute exacerbation. 2 Severe reactivation of chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to fulminant or subfulminant hepatic failure. 3±5 The prognosis of patients with fulminant hepatic failure (excluding acetaminopheninduced liver failure) is extremely poor, with a mortality of 65±93%. 6 Liver transplantation has been the only therapy available to salvage patients with fulminant liver failure, 7±9 with a 5-year survival rate of around 61%. 10 Lamivudine is a nucleoside analogue that has been shown to be highly effective in suppressing hepatitis B virus replication in compensated chronic hepatitis B infection with concomitant normalization of liver SUMMARY Background: Exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to fulminant hepatic failure with a mortality of up to 90%. Aim: To evaluate the ef®cacy of lamivudine in the treatment of this subgroup of patients. Methods: Twenty-four patients with exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection and fulminant hepatic failure were treated with lamivudine, 100 mg daily. Hepatitis A, C, D and human immunode®ciency virus coinfections and hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded. Results: The median age was 53 years (range, 24±77 years) with a male predominance of 20:4. Seventeen patients were hepatitis B e antigen positive. Mean hepatitis B virus DNA was 2079 Meq 2 /mL. Eight

The purpose of this study was to develop and standardize an AIDS questionnaire for Chinese adolescents and to provide normative data on this instrument for use by clinicians, educators, and researchers. The International AIDS Questionnaire-Chinese Version (IAQ-C) was developed and tested with 1,667 Chinese adolescents and 277 Chinese university students in Hong Kong. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that four factors underlie the IAQ-C: transmission myths, attitudes, personal vulnerability, and facts. Confirmatory factor analysis on two independent samples then confirmed this four-factor structural model. The IAQ-C appears to yield valid and reliable scores measuring HIV and AIDS knowledge and attitudes among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong.