Using sighted (SIG) and bilaterally enucleated (BOE) female tree sparrows, SIG, BOE, pinealectomized (SIG-PX), and bilaterally enucleated-pinealectomized (BOE-PX) male tree sparrows, and intact and castrated male tree sparrows implanted epicranially with continuously emitting light sources or nonemitting blanks, I tested the hypothesis that extraretinal, extrapineal
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