We report the growth of gallium-based compounds, i.e., gallium oxynitride (GaON) and gallium oxide (Ga2O3) on multilayer graphene (MLG) on insulator using a mixture of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and gallium nitrate (Ga(NO3)3) by electrochemical deposition (ECD) method at room temperature (RT) for the first time. The controlling parameters of current density and electrolyte molarity were found to greatly influence the properties of the grown structures. The thicknesses of the deposited structures increase with the current density since it increases the chemical reaction rates. The layers grown at low molarities of both solutions basically show grain-like layer with cracking structures and dominated by both Ga2O3 and GaON. Such cracking structures seem to diminish with the increases of molarities of one of the solutions. It is speculated that the increase of current density and ions in the solutions helps to promote the growth at the area with uneven thicknesses of graphene. When the molarity of Ga(NO3)3 is increased while keeping the molarity of NH4NO3 at the lowest value of 2.5 M, the grown structures are basically dominated by the Ga2O3 structure. On the other hand, when the molarity of NH4NO3 is increased while keeping the molarity of Ga(NO3)3 at the lowest value of 0.8 M, the GaON structure seems to dominate where their cubic and hexagonal arrangements are coexisting. It was found that when the molarities of Ga(NO3)3 are at the high level of 7.5 M, the grown structures tend to be dominated by Ga2O3 even though the molarity of NH4NO3 is made equal or higher than the molarity of Ga(NO3)3. When the grown structure is dominated by the Ga2O3 structure, the deposition process became slow or unstable, resulting to the formation of thin layer. When the molarity of Ga(NO3)3 is increased to 15 M, the nanocluster-like structures were formed instead of continuous thin film structure. This study seems to successfully provide the conditions in growing either GaON-dominated or Ga2O3-dominated structure by a simple and low-cost ECD. The next possible routes to convert the grown GaON-dominated structure to either single-crystalline GaN or Ga2O3 as well as Ga2O3-dominated structure to single-crystalline Ga2O3 structure have been discussed.

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The waste package and drip shield will experience a wide range of interactive environmental conditions and degradation modes that will determine the overall performance of the waste package and repository.

Table 3 -The melt-spinning process was used to perform a systematic study of various elemental compositions, each based on the Fe-based DAR40 composition, with 1, 3, 5, and 7 atomic percent additions of specific elements believed to be beneficial to glass formation or corrosion resistance. Elemental additions investigated included nickel, molybdenum, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, and chromium. ___________________________________ 56 Table 4 -Composition of observed phases in PEA451 as detected by quantitative EDS-analysis.All numbers are atomic percent, with an accuracy of +/-0.5 %. ____________________ 57 Table 5 -Summary of thermal analysis (DTA or DSC) on Fe-based glass forming alloys suitable for spray deposition. ______________________________________________________ 57 Table 6 -Temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficients used in modeling heat transfer during wedge-cast of DAR35. ____________________________________________________ 58 Table 7 -Temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficients used in modeling heat transfer during wedge-cast of LDAR2X7. _________________________________________________ 58 Table 8 -Temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficients used in modeling heat transfer during wedge-cast of LDAR7 (CBCTL1651).________________________________________ 58 Table 9 -A compilation of various amorphous-metal samples, and the measured values of the open circuit corrosion potential (E corr ), the potential coinciding with the anodic oxidation peak (E peak ), the repassivation potential (E rp ), and the penetration rate based upon the maximum passive current density (dx/dt), in concentrated calcium chloride solutions at elevated temperature. _____________________________________________________ 59 Table 10 -A compilation of various amorphous-metal samples, and the measured values of the open circuit corrosion potential (E corr ), the potential coinciding with the anodic oxidation peak (E peak ), and the repassivation potential (E rp ) in Half Moon Bay seawater at various temperatures, ranging from 30 to 90°C _______________________________________ 61 Table 11. A compilation of the results from early cyclic polarization of Type 316L stainless steel, Alloy C-22, HVOF DAR35, HVOF DAR40, and HVOF DAR40X3 in standard 4M NaCl, SCW and BSW test solutions. Note that both SCW and BSW are bicarbonate-type brines. These data were reported at the HPCRM Team Meeting in Key West, held in January 2004. These results were used as the basis of recommending the pursuit of theoretically dense, pore-free materials for testing, so that the effects of alloy composition could be separated from the effects of coating morphology. _______________________ 62 funded by DARPA DSO and DOE OCRWM, and utilizes both theoretical and experimental materials science to develop corrosion-resistant amorphous-metal coatings suiJCF- Table for the desired applications. ___________________________________________________ 65 Figure 4 -The HPCRM Team is multi-institutional and involved three of DOE laboratories (LLNL, SNL, and ORNL), th...

Underwater steel structure such as Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) unit was exposed to corrosion element during its operated working hours and at different depth of sea level depending on its operational requirement. The different depth of each operational indicates the different pressure effects under water. The coated material was affected by the corrosion and may have changed in its micro substructure thus decreases the corrosion resistance. The aim of this study was to analyse the corrosion rate of the pressure effects on the coated materials through several testing. The type of coated material used is Commercial Anti-Corrosion spray. The tests done by pressurized the specimen at 2, 6 and 10 atm. The corrosion rates are determined by using immersion and weight loss. The specimens were soaked in the sea water with timeline of 24 hours. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and microstructure observation are used to observed and determine the corrosion morphology of the specimen changes before and after immersion test. As a result, the pressure plays a major role on the corrosion effect and coating materials. The increments of pressure will deteriorated the corrosion resistance of the specimens. However, the coating materials can only slow down the deterioration process of the specimen.