Leaf scald is an important disease of sugarcane with erratic symptom expression. Latency represents a threat to germplasm exchange, and erratic symptom development makes accurate evaluation of disease resistance during breeding and selection problematic. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for Xanthomonas albilineans, the causal agent of leaf scald, were developed and evaluated for the sensitive, specific detection and quantification of the pathogen. Assays with SYBR Green primers and TaqMan probe and primers derived from the albicidin toxin biosynthesis gene cluster efficiently and reproducibly amplified X. albilineans. Detection was more sensitive with qPCR compared with conventional PCR. Assays were specific for X. albilineans and sap extracts did not inhibit the qPCR reaction. Leaf-scald-resistant and -susceptible cultivars were distinguished by infection incidence, disease severity, and X. albilineans population determined by SYBR Green qPCR in both greenhouse and field experiments. Populations of X. albilineans varied in different tissues. Differences were the greatest within tissues in resistant cultivars, and bacterial populations in systemically infected, young, not yet fully emerged leaves exhibited the greatest differences between resistant and susceptible cultivars. The results demonstrate that qPCR is a highly sensitive method for the detection of X. albilineans that could provide a reliable method for leaf scald resistance screening.

Orange rust, Puccinia kuehnii (W. Krüger) E.J. Butler, is an important disease of sugarcane (complex hybrid of Saccharum L. species) that causes up to 53% yield loss (3), and can eliminate sugarcane clones in breeding programs. Initially confined to the Asia-Oceania region, P. kuehnii was reported in Florida in June 2007 (2) followed by confirmation in Central and South America. Orange rust pustules were observed on August 5, 2011, in commercial sugarcane fields located in the Ecuadorian Pacific coast of South America. Pustules were observed on cultivar SP79-2233 and sugarcane clones of the CINCAE breeding program (EC06-351, EC06-340, and EC01-744). Low levels of disease incidence and severity were observed in the sugarcane germplasm. Observation under a light microscope showed typical irregularly echinulate urediniospores that were pale in color with thickened apices and paraphyses inconspicuous to absent, such as those reported to be P. kuehnii (4). DNA of urediniospores were extracted and amplified using Pk1F and PK1R qPCR primers (5). Additionally, the 28s large ribosomal subunit DNA was sequenced (1), resulting in a qPCR and 100% sequence identity with a partial sequence of the P. kuehnii 28S ribosomal RNA gene, accession GU058010 (932/932 base pairs, GenBank Accession No. KF202306). Based on urediniospore morphology, DNA amplification, and sequence analysis, the causal agent of the rust observed in Ecuador was confirmed to be P. kuehnii. Commercial varieties have not yet shown symptoms of infections. However, a survey conducted in 2011 and 2012 showed an increase of disease severity from 3% to 28% in the susceptible cv. SP79-2233. Disease symptoms were evident from stalk growth to maturity (7 to 12 months), especially at the beginning of the harvesting season. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence, distribution, and disease spread by the sugarcane orange rust pathogen P. kuehnii in Ecuador. References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) J. C. Comstock et al. Plant Dis. 92:175, 2008. (3) J. C. Comstock et al. ASSCT. 29:82, 2009. (4) L. Dixon and L. Castlebury. Orange Rust of Sugarcane – Puccinia kuehnii. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab. Retrieved from /sbmlweb/fungi/index.cfm, August 12, 2011. (5) N. C. Glynn et al. Plant Pathol. 59:703, 2010.

This paper presents a monitoring and control system developed with the purpose to increase the reproducibility of microalgae production processes, achieving more effectiveness of casual-analytic physiologic research, the verification of process models and the development of bioprocess. It also controls of form web the following variables: temperature and photoperiod, the equipment was tested on a Haematococcus pluvialis crop. The settings of experimentation were: photoperiod 18/6 (light hours/dark) given by the extensions of blue SMD LEDs (380<λ<470 nm), the agitation speed of 720 RPM and temperature of 24°C. The settings for the controlled crop were the same except the light that, for this case, was natural. It was found that the system is able to control automatically the process variables permitting the continuous monitoring of the experiments, removing barriers of time and place. At an institutional level, the system has brought benefits allowing the decongestion of places as saving time for both students and researchers. At a level of bioprocesses of researching, it was determined that both kinetic of microalgae growth and quantity of astaxanthin that is produced are incremented when the crop is illuminating by short wavelength, blue light.

Leaf scald, caused by Xanthomonas albilineans, is a major sugarcane disease controlled primarily with host resistance. Because visual evaluation can be uncertain due to erratic symptom expression, a reliable resistance screening method is needed. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with potential for resistance screening was used to compare bacterial populations in 31 clones at different times after inoculation, and the correlation with the visual symptom rating method was determined. Comparisons of bacterial populations quantified by qPCR and visual symptom severity ratings in systemically infected leaves showed variable results, with the highest correlation at 8 weeks after inoculation. To measure consistency, the correlation was determined among three different field experiments for data obtained with the same method at different times after inoculation. The qPCR assay was more consistent among experiments compared with visual symptom rating at 8 weeks after inoculation. Susceptible check cultivars always had high bacterial populations but the severe inoculation resulted in moderate to high bacterial populations in two of three resistant checks in some experiments. The results suggest that qPCR can provide an improved method to evaluate resistance to leaf scald in sugarcane; however, multiple experiments will be needed to accurately determine clone resistance levels.

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