Objective: This research is to evaluate the pharmacognostic parameter, phytochemical analysis, and in vitro antioxidant properties of hydromethanol extract. Method: This study carries out the collection and authentication of the plant, extraction, pharmacognostic study, preliminary phytochemical screening, and antioxidant property of leaves hydromethanol extract were evaluated by scavenging the following free radicals – DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl), hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and reducing power. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test was performed. The minimum value of *p˂0.05 considered as significant, **p˂0.01 and ***p˂0.001. Results: Powder microscopy of the leaves showed the presence of stomata, calcium oxalate crystals, trichome, fibers, and oil glands. The total ash was considered to be 3.75%, water-soluble ash 1.25%, and acid-soluble ash 3%. Hydromethanol (3:7) extract yielded 38.8%, moisture content 15.6%. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycoside, saponin, phenol, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. The total flavonoid content was considered to be 32.25 mg/g of quercetin and the total phenolic content of the extract was found 610 mg/g of gallic acid. The IC50 radical scavenging effect of extract and gallic acid was considered to be 3.62 and 3.46 for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 10.4 and 24.73 for hydrogen peroxide, and 48.76 and 58.83 for nitric oxide. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents of the extract were well-known pharmacologically active chemicals and significant antioxidant potential was shown by the extract. This study finds out the rationality of the use of this plant as a medicinal plant. Further studies would be needed to explore their potential as a treatment for fever, diarrhea, and dysentery.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to screen the analgesic and the antidepressant activity of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. an ethnomedicinal plant of Meghalaya, India. Methods: In this study, the analgesic effect was induced by hot plate method and tail immersion test. The analgesic effect of two doses of the methanolic extract of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. was tested and diclofenac was used as a standard drug. The antidepressant activity was brought about by force swimming test and tail suspension test. The antidepressant effect of two doses of the methanolic extract of G. fragrantissima Linn. was tested and imipramine was used as a standard drug. The statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests using GraphPad InStat 3.0 software. Results: The analgesic study shows that the plant extract at two different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) possesses significant analgesic activity (p<0.01), whereby the two different doses of the plant extract showed a significant increase in the latency time were obtained at 120 min in hot plate method and increase in the latency time were obtained at 90 min in the tail immersion method, respectively. The antidepressant study shows us that the methanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg produced significant reduction (p<0.001) in the immobility period when compared with that of control group animals in both the tests. Conclusion: The result of the study shows that the methanolic bark extract of G. fragrantissima Wall. possesses analgesic activity and antidepressant activity.

Acer laevigatum is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 10–15 m or more, with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter belonging to the family Sapindaceae. In Mizoram, the decoction of the leaves is used as an external application in sprains. Extraction was carried out by drying the leaves and barks and extracted by using methanol as solvent using the Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out by methanolic extract of both leaves and barks to determine the chemical constituents present in the plant using a different phytochemical test, acute toxicity for leave and bark extract, in-vitro antioxidant activity and in-vivo analgesic activity of barks extract. Phytochemical screening was performed for both extract and it contains glycoside, saponin, phenol, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. The antioxidant activity test of the methanolic extract of bark extract was performed successfully. In acute toxicity, the LD50 was found that for more than 2000 mg/kg body weight was safe for further uses. The total phenolic content of the bark extract contains 493 ± 0.23 mg of GAE/g and the total flavonoids content of the bark extract was 220 ± 0.034 mg of QE/g. The IC50 value of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was found to be 86.1211 µg/ml and nitric oxide was 75.9 µg/ml. Whereas, in reducing power it was found that the percentage inhibition was increased with an increase in concentration (increase in concen-tration, percentage inhibition was also increased) and reduced Fe3+ (ferricyanide complex) to Fe2+ (ferrous form). Finally, for in-vivo analgesic activity, 4000 mg/kg was more effective than 2000 mg/kg of the bark extract. These results confirm that the methanolic extract of bark of Acer laevigatum possesses antioxidant activity and non-significant or less analgesic activity.