Research on multilingual speakers is often compared to monolingual baselines which are commonly treated as if they were homogeneous across speakers. Despite recent research showing that this homogeneity does not hold, these practices reproduce native-speakerism and monolingualism. Heritage language research, which established itself in the past two decades, is no exemption. Focusing on three predefined linguistic groups, namely Turkish speakers which are framed as monolingual in Turkey as well as two heritage bilingually framed groups in Germany and the USA, we ask: (1) Do heritage speakers of Turkish produce more discourse and fluency markers (FMs) than monolingual speakers? (2) Are the groups homogeneous, or is there wide variation between speakers across groups? We focus on the variation between and within groups using Bayesian Linear Regression with a multilevel model for speakers and heritage groups. Our findings confirm that the use of discourse and FMs is largely defined through individual variation, and not through the belonging to a certain speaker group. By focusing on variation across groups rather than between groups, our study design supports the growing body of literature that questions common heritage language research practices of today and shows alternative paths to understanding heritage grammars.

In this article, I will discuss the syntax of language mixing in the verbal domain for Spanish verbs within Shipibo-Konibo. Against earlier explanations which assume a nominal source for verbal borrowings, it will be argued for an insertion process of uncategorized roots. First, the study of Valenzuela (2006) presenting the incorporation of Spanish verbs in Shipibo- Konibo and the der- ivational role of the causative affix -n will be summarized. Afterwards, a detailed definition of language mixing and Distributed Morphology will be given (Embick & Marantz 2008, Embick 2010). Finally, I will apply the Distributed Morphology framework to the present study of verbal borrowings and contrast the predictions uttered by both models present in this article.

Research in multilingual speakers is often compared to monolingual baselines which are commonly treated as if they were homogeneous across speakers. Despite recent research showing that this homogeneity does not hold, this reproduces nativespeakerism and monolingualism. In our study, we want to analyze the use of discourse markers in three different speaker groups of Turkish, and analyze extensively the variation between and within those groups. We interpret discourse markers as speech planning events, and distinguish between macro-planning utterance-initially, as well as micro-planning within an utterance. Both planning events are hypothesized to be more frequent with heritage speakers. The study also focusses on individual variation within those groups.

We present a computational phylogeny for the internal classification of the Quechua language family. Based on a concept list of 150 lexical items, we manually analyzed data from 39 contemporaneous Quechua varieties for cognacy and computed a family tree using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. The results provide further evidence for the classification of individual varieties and compares the results to the existing hypotheses for the evolution of the Quechua language family.

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