A space environment data acquisition monitor (SEDA) has been flown onboard the Japanese meteorological satellites 'Himawari-8/9' as one of the housekeeping information monitors for satellite operation. SEDA consists of a highenergy proton sensor (SEDA-p) and a high-energy electron sensor (SEDA-e). These instruments provide near-real-time information on the conditions of the space environment on the Japanese meridian. Initial cross-comparison between SEDA and high-energy particle observation by geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES) shows that the flux level of SEDA-e is slightly smaller than that of GOES observation, and the flux level of SEDA-p observation is a half that of GOES observation.

The ESA Next Generation Radiation Monitor (NGRM), currently under development, will be the successor of the ESA Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) that is still measuring near-Earth and interplanetary space radiation environment onboard 6 different spacecrafts. NGRM will measure protons from 2 MeV up to 200 MeV, electrons from 100keV up to 7MeV, as well as LET spectrum of ions. Compared to SREM, NGRM will provide a much better energy resolution, will be smaller (<1L), lighter (<1kg) and consume less energy (<1W). In this paper we describe the detection concept of the NGRM, present the Monte Carlo analysis of the performance of the NGRM detector system, and describes the actual status of its development.

and Pierre-Andre Farine (pierre-andre.farine@epfl .ch) are with the School of Engineering of Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. Looking Inside Modern ReceiversT he principle of wireless communications originates from the need to communicate between two points separated by a distance suffi ciently large to prevent the use of wires. Today, the use of wireless communications is an option for nearly any electronic device, resulting in short-range protocols such as Bluetooth technology.In this article, we will call the data to be transmitted the baseband signal s bb (t). On the transmitter side, in order to be radiated with a reasonably sized antenna and propagated efficiently through a given channel, s bb (t) needs to be up-converted to a higher frequency called the carrier frequency f c . To do so, s bb (t) is used to modify certain parameters of the carrier; this process is known as modulation of the carrier by the baseband signal. The carrier is usually a sinusoid and is defined here by c1t 2 5 A c cos 1w c t 2. A general expression of the resulting modulated signal is given by s 1t 2 5 a 1t 2cos 1v c 1t 2t 1 f1t 22,where s(t) is completely defined by its amplitude a(t) and phase f(t) 5 v(t) + f 0 (t). Making a(t) and/or f(t) functions of s bb (t) leads

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