To increase the efficiency of field emission devices, the design of the emitters should be optimized. A simulation program using the finite element method was developed to investigate the effects of emitter geometry on the emission current and voltage for ungated emitters. It was found that the tip-anode spacing and tip radius have the most significant effects on the emitted current. The simulation predicted that a field emitter consisting of a vertical base and a cone shaped tip on the top has a higher enhancement factor and therefore a lower operating voltage. Emitters were fabricated in Si based on the optimized design. Dry etching in CF 4 was used to control the slope of the SiO 2 mask. The SiO 2 sidewall angle decreased from 80°to 51°as pressure was increased from 40 to 300 mTorr. The SiO 2 mask profile was also changed substantially by adding CHF 3 or O 2 to CF 4 during etching. An electron cyclotron resonance source was used to generate a Cl 2 plasma to etch Si field emitters. SiO 2 mask was eroded during etching to control the Si emitter profile. The slope of the Si etch profile increased from 52°to 78°as the SiO 2 slope increased from 17°to 45°. Radio frequency and microwave power had little influence on the Si etch profile, but they were adjusted to achieve the desired etch rate. The lateral etch rate of SiO 2 decreased at higher pressure, resulting in more vertical Si profiles. Oxygen was also added to the Cl 2 plasma and the Si sidewall angle was changed between 47°and 80°. Using the above results, the Si etch profile was controlled and field emitter tips and arrays with different geometries were etched in Si. To comply with the optimum design, emitter tips with two different sidewall angles of 85°and 70°were fabricated by changing the pressure from 5 to 0.5 mTorr during the etch. Arrays of emitter tips with sidewall angle of 80°, 11 m height, and 2.2 m basewidth were also fabricated at 10 mTorr with a packing density of 4ϫ10 6 tip/cm 2 .
Bahaya listrik merupakan ancaman yang tidak terlihat namun dapat menghilangkan nyawa manusia dan menyebabkan terjadinya kebakaran. Keselamatan faktor penting yang harus diterapkan dalam pemakaian tenaga listrik. Manusia hanya dapat merasakan sengatan listrik dengan maksimal arus yang melalui tubuh 30 mA. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) pada suatu sistem instalasi listrik merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat digunakan untuk melindungi dari bahaya tegangan sentuh. Melakukan uji coba menggunakan sumber fasa dan netral sebagai media pengaktifan ELCB dan resistor sebagai pengganti tahanan tubuh manusia serta grounding sebagai media gangguan pentanahan. Dengan membandingkan arus masuk dan keluar pada fasa dan netral inilah sistem kerja ELCB. Waktu pemutusan tegangan dan arus listrik pada ELCB adalah 19.60 mS. Dengan Pengaplikasiaan ELCB dalam sistem instalasi listrik diharapkan bahaya yang diakibatkan oleh tegangan sentuh dapat dibatasi sehingga sistem aman bagi manusia.
Bahaya listrik merupakan ancaman yang tidak terlihat namun dapat menghilangkan nyawa manusia dan menyebabkan terjadinya kebakaran. Keselamatan faktor penting yang harus diterapkan dalam pemakaian tenaga listrik. Manusia hanya dapat merasakan sengatan listrik dengan maksimal arus yang melalui tubuh 30 mA. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) pada suatu sistem instalasi listrik merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat digunakan untuk melindungi dari bahaya tegangan sentuh. Melakukan uji coba menggunakan sumber fasa dan netral sebagai media pengaktifan ELCB dan resistor sebagai pengganti tahanan tubuh manusia serta grounding sebagai media gangguan pentanahan. Dengan membandingkan arus masuk dan keluar pada fasa dan netral inilah sistem kerja ELCB. Waktu pemutusan tegangan dan arus listrik pada ELCB adalah 19.60 mS. Dengan Pengaplikasiaan ELCB dalam sistem instalasi listrik diharapkan bahaya yang diakibatkan oleh tegangan sentuh dapat dibatasi sehingga sistem aman bagi manusia.
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