Antibiotics are medical products designed to cure or avoid bacterial infections that should be administered to patients based on a licensed health care professional's directive. Self-medication is defined as the usage of medication, whether orthodox or traditional, for self-cure. The practice of antibiotics self-treatment is a global phenomenal. Indulgence of antibiotics self-medication had crippled the lives of many people with increase antibiotics resistance bacterial and disruption of gut microbiota. The practice of antibiotics self-medication was sustained and reinforced by easy information access on antibiotics uses and the accessibility of antibiotics in the environments. The menace of this practice is abruptly stoppage of the treatment when symptoms disappeared because of inadequate idea of the ailment. The best way to discourage antibiotics self-medication is to take the campaign to all stakeholders in antibiotics dealings to reduce the inflow of antibiotics and as well as to educate patient on the inherent dangers.

Aim: In this study, the antibacterial effect of the n-hexane, methanol, and ethanol extracts of two traditional medicinal plants, Nigella sativa and Moringa oleifera was carried out to comparatively assess the antibacterial efficacy of these plants against some selected multi-drug resistant diarrheagenic bacterial isolates such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella spp, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methodology: The inhibitory effects of extracts were assessed using disk diffusion method at six different concentrations i.e. 12.5 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, and 400 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the plant seed extracts were determined by the micro-broth dilution technique. Synergism and antagonism studies were similarly done to determine the combined effects of both N. sativa and M. oleifera seed oil. Further, resistant bacteria were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate treatment for plasmid curing and continued with the antibiotic susceptibility test. Results: The oil extracts of N. sativa were found to be more effective than that of M. oleifera (at MIC and MCC of 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively). It was observed that the plasmids were cured in all the E. coli isolates. Among the pathogens, E. coli was highly susceptible to both seed oils. Conclusion: Higher antibacterial activity was observed when the extracts were used in combination, showing a strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested.

Biofilms are composed provinces of microscopic organisms, growths, or yeasts that structure heterogeneous substances on a natural or nonorganic surface. Biofilm arrangement is a noteworthy issue in the clinical, food, and marine industries and can prompt significant economic and medical issues. The complex microbial community of a biofilm is exceptionally impervious to antibiotics and created persistent survival that is a challenge to survive. There are various approaches to control biofilms, physical and additionally mechanical expulsion, synthetic evacuation, and the utilization of antimicrobials and nanoparticles to kill biofilm organisms.

Agro and industrial wastes are rich in bioactive compounds. These wastes can be used as an alternate source for the production of different valuable products as the raw material in various industries. The use of agro-industrial wastes as raw materials can help to reduce the production cost and also reduce the pollution load from the environment. Agro-industrial wastes are used for manufacturing of enzymes, biofertilizer, biofuel, antibiotics, and other chemicals through solid state fermentation (SSF). A variety of microorganisms are used for the production of these valuable products through SSF processes. This reviewed work was aimed at bioconversion of agricultural and industrial wastes to generate valuable products.

Milk is a non-transparent, yellowish-white substance secreted by the mammary glands of all mammals. It contains proteins, minerals, carbohydrates, fat, and vitamins that meet the dietary requirements of the body than any food in a single diet. As a result of their highly nutritious nature, milk supports the rapid growth of many microorganisms, including bacterial pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the bacteriological quality of raw cow's milk sold by different vendors in Minna central market, Niger state, Nigeria by pour plate method. The highest bacterial count was 7.5 107 CFU/mL and the lowest bacterial count was 2.5 107 CFU/mL. Bacteria isolated from five different cow's milk samples were identified through their cultural and biochemical properties to be Bacillus badius, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi.  The frequency occurrence of the bacterial isolates were Bacillus spp. (61.9%), Staphylococcus spp. (19.0%), E. coli (14.3%)and Salmonella spp. (5%). The presence of these bacterial isolates and the colony forming unity count observed in these samples indicated poor hygiene and sanitation during milking and post milking processes. Therefore, efforts should be intensified to pasteurize the milk before consumption in order to guarantee the safety of the consumers.