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This paper discusses systemic aspects of protected area research with a particular focus on systemic governance. Protected areas are embedded within a dynamic system of socioeconomic-ecological interactions on various geographical, value-ethical, cultural and political scales. For example, recent energy politics exacerbates existing pressures on land use for renewable energy generation and challenges the goals and objectives of protection categories. The category or classification of a protected area according to the IUCN framework is influenced by the regional political and cultural differentiations, which concern all aspects of protected areas in their social, ecological and economic interactions. The category has an influence on how the local population is affected or benefits from the protection of an area, and what kind of visitors are coming to or engaging with the protected area. The category is also influenced by the acceptance of the local population and visitors or tourists. Protected areas increasingly operate as multifunctionally managed areas where visitors and inhabitants are integrated into the management concept. Category groups have a decisive and inverse influence on visitor management and protected area governance, which itself is steered by political and cultural characteristics. Changing value ethics of visitors affect the governance of protected areas and new partnerships need to be built for their sustainable management. This paper synthesizes such systemic aspects in a mountain context and concludes with an outline for future research.

Private tourism entrepreneurship relies on special knowledge of the service sector with a strong focus on individual action and a general service mentality. The organization and regulation of tourism in post-socialist European countries experienced a shift from being state-driven to being determined by individual entrepreneurs. Yet in some cases, the adoption of the new entrepreneurial business principles is contested by different cultural understandings of how tourism should be 'produced'. With examples from the Caucasus Mountains in Georgia (Svaneti) we will demonstrate that these different understandings can play a major role in creating barriers for developing community-based tourism. Shortly after the transition to the market economy, a number of different small-scale, community-based tourism projects emerged, with individual entrepreneurship contesting the traditional values of hospitality in these regions (predominantly based on religious and 'tribal' values and norms rather than purely on entrepreneurial values).The methods used for this preliminary study of post-socialist tourism development included a short-term, mobile ethnography consisting of semi-structured interviews of tourism producers in the region, participant observation, as well as mapping occupancy of buildings according to unoccupied, agriculture and agritourism and second homes categories based on the condition of the gardens. Further changes in the political-economic framework have now shifted the focus towards larger-scale tourism developments supported by public-private partnerships. This paper analyses the impacts of these political-economic changes on the development of community-based tourism in Svaneti and explores in particular the friction between collective traditions and individual entrepreneurship in the experience economy of transition countries and its relationship with regional economic growth and rural depopulation. , 91-103 zajednice, u kojima je individualno preduzetništvo počelo da konkuriše tradicionalnim vrednostima ugostiteljstva u ovim krajevima (uglavnom zasnovanim na verskim i "plemenskim" vrednostima i normama, pre nego na čisto preduzetničkim). Metodi korišćeni za ovu preliminarnu studiju o postsocijalističkom razvoju turizma uključuju kratkotrajnu mobilnu etnografiju, koja se sastojala od polustruktuiranog intervjua turističkih ponuđača u regionu, opažanja učesnika, kao i mapiranja useljenosti objekata -od neuseljenih, preko poljoprivrednih i agrourističkih do kuća druge kategorije, prema stanju uređenosti dvorišta. Dalje izmene u političko-ekonomskom okviru su u međuvremenu pomerile fokus ka širem turističkom razvoju, uz podršku javno-privatnih partnerstava. Ovaj rad analizira uticaje tih političko-ekonomskih promena na razvoj turizma podržanog od strane zajednice u Svanetiju i naročito istražuje frikciju između kolektivnih tradicija i individualnog preduzetništvau ekonomiji doživljaja u zemljama u razvoju, kao i njihov odnos prema regionalnom ekonomskom rastu i ruralnoj depopulaciji.: 3 3 4 . 7 2 ...

Die alpine Tourismuswirtschaft nach der Pandemie steht heute vor tiefgreifenden, langfristigen und disruptiven Veränderungen. Neue Arbeits- und Freizeitformen entwickeln sich, digitale Transformation und Künstliche Intelligenz zeigen ihre Potenziale für den Tourismussektor. Das von Thomas Bieger, Pietro Beritelli und Christian Laesser herausgegebene Jahrbuch untersucht die damit verbundenen Chancen, Lösungsansätze und Trends aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln.Eine einmalige Zusammenstellung zur aktuellen Weiterentwicklung des alpinen Tourismus in Forschung und Praxis.

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