The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Basic Reactions 3. Starting Materials 3.1. Polyisocyanates 3.1.1. Aromatic Polyisocyanates 3.1.2. Aliphatic Polyisocyanates 3.1.3. Blocked Isocyanates 3.2. Polyols 3.2.1. Polyether Polyols 3.2.2. Polyester Polyols 3.2.3. Polycarbonate Polyols 3.2.4. Other Polyols 3.3. Diamines and Amino‐Terminated Polyethers 3.4. Special Building Blocks 3.5. Catalysts and Additives 4. Structure and Morphology 4.1. Polyurethanes Without Segmented Structure 4.2. Polyurethanes with Segmented Structure 4.2.1. Hard and Soft Segments 4.2.2. Segregation and Morphology 4.3. Cross‐linking of Polyurethane 4.4. Polyisocyanurates 5. Production of Polyurethanes 5.1. Stoichiometry 5.2. Reaction without Solvents 5.2.1. One‐Shot Process 5.2.2. Prepolymer Processes 5.3. Reaction in Solvents 5.3.1. One‐Component Systems 5.3.2. Two‐Component Systems 5.4. Reactive One‐Pack Systems 5.5. Other Processes 6. Processing of Polyurethanes 6.1. Supply, Storage, and Preparation of Raw Materials 6.2. Metering and Mixing Technology 6.3. Processing Plants 7. Foams 7.1. Flexible Foams 7.1.1. Flexible Slabstock Foam 7.1.1.1. Raw Materials 7.1.1.2. Production 7.1.1.3. Properties 7.1.1.4. Trimming and Processing 7.1.1.5. Applications 7.1.2. Molded Flexible Foam 7.1.2.1. Production 7.1.2.2. Molding Process 7.1.2.3. Properties 7.1.2.4. Applications 7.2. Semirigid Foams 7.2.1. Applications 7.2.2. Production 7.2.3. Properties 7.3. Rigid Foams 7.3.1. Raw Materials 7.3.2. Processing 7.3.3. Properties 7.3.4. Special Types 7.4. Integral Skin Foams and RIM Materials 7.4.1. Applications 7.4.2. Production 7.4.3. Properties 8. Noncellular Polyurethanes 8.1. Cast Elastomers 8.1.1. Applications 8.1.2. Production 8.1.3. Properties 8.2. Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers (TPU) 9. Polyurethane Coatings 10. Polyurethane Adhesives 11. Polyurethane Fibers 12. Polyurethanes and Isocyanates as Binders 13. Special Products 14. Safety and Ecology 14.1. Safety Precautions when Handling the Raw Materials 14.2. Emissions, Accidental Release, and Waste Disposal 14.3. Recycling/Recovery of Polyurethanes 14.4. Fire Performance of Polyurethanes 15. Economic Aspects

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A numerical method is presented which renders possible realistic structural fire engineering practice; using micro computers is possible. Program structure and its numerical principles were discussed including computer orientated formulation of material properties. Physical and geometrical nonlinearities are taken into account. Accuracy is demonstrated in comparison with full scale ISO-fire test results. Analysis of complex frame behaviour is shown with a multi storey frame under local fire. For practical application in structural fire design there are no restrictions in materials and fire characteristics.

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