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The increasing control complexity of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) systems underlines the necessity of integrating quantum hardware with quantum software. While mapping heterogeneous quantum-classical computing (HQCC) algorithms to NISQ hardware for execution, we observed a few dissatisfactions in quantum programming languages (QPLs), including difficult mapping to hardware, limited expressiveness, and counter-intuitive code. In addition, noisy qubits require repeatedly performed quantum experiments, which explicitly operate low-level configurations, such as pulses and timing of operations. This requirement is beyond the scope or capability of most existing QPLs. We summarize three execution models to depict the quantum-classical interaction of existing QPLs. Based on the refined HQCC model, we propose the Quingo framework to integrate and manage quantum-classical software and hardware to provide the programmability over HQCC applications and map them to NISQ hardware. We propose a six-phase quantum program life-cycle model matching the refined HQCC model, which is implemented by a runtime system. We also propose the Quingo programming language, an external domain-specific language highlighting timer-based timing control and opaque operation definition, which can be used to describe quantum experiments. We believe the Quingo framework could contribute to the clarification of key techniques in the design of future HQCC systems.

Purpose Being the key sensitive elements of the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) resonant sensors, performance of the double-ended tuning fork (DETF) will affect precision of the whole sensor greatly. Currently, most of the research on DETF is concentrated on ideal theory or simply mentioned as part of the sensor. But, in most engineering occasions, there exists many factors such as the additional mass, air damping and fabrication process, etc. However, few references are individually aimed at the mechanical characters of DETF. To choose the suitable DETF, it is important to solely research and measure the performance of this element. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors combine the practical engineering applications and deduce the calculation method of sensitive element’s resonant frequency under various circumstances. The authors also design a force-generating system to make the loading simulation and verify the correctness of theory. Findings On the basis of Euler–Bernoulli theory and Rayleigh’s equation, frequency theories of DETF under four different situations have been deduced. A force-generating device is designed and fabricated to measure the mechanical characters of the DETF. The experiments using force-generating system, DETF, the high performance laser vibrometer and oscillograph are carried out. It verifies the correctness of theory. Originality/value Currently, most of the research on DETF is concentrated on ideal theory or simply mentioned as part of the sensor, and few references are individually aimed at the mechanical characters of DETF. Combining the practical engineering applications, the authors deduced the frequency theories of DETF. A force-generating system is designed and fabricated to measure the mechanical characters of the DETF, and the experiment results match the theoretical results very well.

A noncontact measuring method has been proposed to measure the micronewton meter-order output microtorque of micromotors to overcome the problem of large measurement errors caused by temperature, vibration, friction, and the flow of air. Physical model of this method is built according to Newton's third law and the electromagnetic theory. To realize this method, an apparatus named noncontact microtorque measuring equipment is designed to measure the output torque of micronewton meter-order micromotors. This device is mainly composed of electromagnetic windings, control circuit, an electronic balance, and a photoelectric sensor. Working principle of this device is introduced and the measured precisions of rotating speed and microtorque of the device are also analyzed in detail. Finally, a microelectromechanical system fabricated planar dc micromotor is tested by this device. The analyzed precision of the microtorque is 0.01 µN · m, which is precise enough for the measurement. The tested result indicates this method is feasible to measure the micronewton meter-order output microtorque of the micromotor.Index Terms-Micromotors, noncontact measuring method, noncontact microtorque measuring equipment, output microtorque, photoelectric sensor.