A flow analysis around a face shield was performed to examine the risk of virus infection when a medical worker wearing a face shield is exposed to a patient’s sneeze from the front. We ensured a space between the shield surface and the face of the human model to imitate the most popularly used face shields. In the present simulation, a large eddy simulation was conducted to simulate the vortex structure generated by the sneezing flow near the face shield. It was confirmed that the airflow in the space between the face shield and the face was observed to vary with human respiration. The high-velocity flow created by sneezing or coughing generates vortex ring structures, which gradually become unstable and deform in three dimensions. Vortex rings reach the top and bottom edges of the shield and form a high-velocity entrainment flow. It is suggested that vortex rings capture small-sized particles, i.e., sneezing droplets and aerosols, and transport them to the top and bottom edges of the face shield because vortex rings have the ability to transport microparticles. It was also confirmed that some particles (in this simulation, 4.4% of the released droplets) entered the inside of the face shield and reached the vicinity of the nose. This indicates that a medical worker wearing a face shield may inhale the transported droplets or aerosol if the time when the vortex rings reach the face shield is synchronized with the inhalation period of breathing.

A flow simulation was performed for face shields to investigate whether varying a shield's edge shape could prevent droplets from entering the shield. Face shields with two types of edge shapes were used. The “Type I” shield had small plates mounted on the top and bottom edges of the shield to physically inhibit the sneeze inflow. The “Type II” shield had small brims sticking forward from the shield surface and small plates sticking upward and downward at the top and bottom edges to inhibit the entrainment flow produced by the vortex ring using sneeze flow. We confirmed that the flow characteristics around a face shield can be controlled using the shield's edge shape. In Type I, the entraining flow inside the shield was inhibited by the mounted small plate at the bottom edge, ensuring the inhibiting effect, but not at the top edge. In Type II, the entrained flow inside the shield was inhibited by the mounted brim and small plate at the top edge, ensuring the inhibiting effect, but not at the bottom edge. The effects of the Type II design parameters on the flow characteristics around the face shield were examined. The results indicate that at the top edge, increasing the length of the brim and not mounting the small plate at an incline from the shield surface improves the inhibition effect. At the bottom edge, shortening the length of the brim and mounting the small plate at an incline from the shield surface improves the inhibition effect.

The supersonic mixing field induced by a novel wall-mounted cavity having a three-dimensional shape is investigated computationally. In the computation, the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are solved to obtain the steady state solution. The resulting pattern of limiting streamlines is compared with the previous result of oil-flow surface visualization. The comparison shows that the pattern of limiting streamlines agrees well with the oil flow pattern not only inside the cavity but also around the injector. The computational jet-penetration heights are also compared with the experimental heights measured previously. The comparison shows that both heights agree well near the injector. Such agreements imply that the flows in the cavity and around the injector can be reproduced well by the present numerical simulation. The detailed flow structure is investigated using the computational results. It is found from the results that a vortex having a three-dimensional shape is produced in the cavity and that the shear-layer spanning the cavity deflects upward near the central plane of the duct owing to the upward flows induced by the vortex. It is also found that owing to the upward shear-layer deflection the jet discharged from the injector is protected from the primary flow having large momentum. As a result, the jet penetrates highly into the primary flow.

The three-dimensional mixing field induced by a novel wall-mounted cavity having a three-dimensional shape, which has been proposed in the other literature, is investigated in detail by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations computationally. The results indicate that secondary flows are produced from the cavity and that the secondary flows act on the transverse jet such a way that it penetrates highly into the primary flow; i.e., the computational results demonstrates that the proposed cavity functions effectively as a device for enhancing supersonic mixing.

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