Autophagy is a vacuolar/lysosomal cytoplasmic recycling system in eukaryotic cells. ScATG9 is indispensable for autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we deleted MgATG9, the orthologue of ScATG9, via targeted gene replacement in the phytopathogenic filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and then analyzed the cellular distribution pattern of EGFP-MgAtg9 in the Mgatg9Delta mutant. We detected an expression profile of multiple green dots in the conidial cell inoculated in rich media and in the appressoria differentiated from the conidia in H(2)O. Concurrent with the punctation, we found some fluorescent signals localized on the central vacuole of the submerged hyphae from the conidia cultured in rich media. Next, we introduced DsRed2-MgAtg8 into the Mgatg9Delta mutant expressing EGFP-MgAtg9 and observed partial overlap at multiple sites in the conidial cell, reminiscent of that in the mammalian system. Our findings further led to the postulation that the multiple sites where the two fusions colocalized tend to merge as a central structure in the conidial cell. Finally, we tested the expression of EGFP-MgAtg9 in null mutants of MgATG1, 2, 13 and 18, respectively. We speculate that MgAtg1, 2 and 18, but not MgAtg13, is required for MgAtg9 cycling through the multiple colocalization sites to its storage pools in the conidial cell of M. oryzae, and fusion of these colocalization sites into a central structure could be governed through other unidentified mechanisms.

No abstract

tissues could be organized into a helical assembly, [4][5][6] showing remarkable photonic properties and attractive structural anisotropy. The advantages of cellulosic sustainability and biocompatibility make it superior to other photonic materials to produce optical materials. Bioinspired cellulose's multiscale architecture has implemented a series of photonic building blocks, mainly including hydroxypropyl cellulose, [7] ethylcellulose, [8] and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). [9,10] Among them, the self-assembly of CNCs into chiral photonic structures is the most representative. An artistic view (Figure 1a) shows a solid film formed by the selfassembly of CNCs, which is similar to the Bouligand structure of the beetle exoskeleton. [11,12] CNCs consist of each chain of β-(poly-1,4-D-glucose) stabilized via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions that provide mechanical stiffness to the solid film. [13] CNC-derived photonic materials have spawned a series of exciting applications in the fields of sensors, [14,15] optics, [16,17] electronics, [18] and engineering. [19,20] However, in many cases, the above materials rarely undergo elastic deformation but crack in bending, thus compromising their outstanding properties. In addition, the photonic structures of these materials are incompatible with humid and liquid environments because of their high hygroscopicity and water solubility.Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)-derived photonic materials have confirmed great potential in producing renewable optical and engineering areas. However, it remains challenging to simultaneously possess toughness, strength, and multi ple responses for developing high-performance sensors, intelligent coatings, flexible textiles, and multifunctional devices. Herein, the authors report a facile and robust strategy that poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) can be converged into the chiral nematic structure of CNCs by ultraviolet-triggered free radical polymerization in an N,N-dimethylformamide solvent system. The resulting CNC-poly(PEGDMA) composite exhibits impressive strength (42 MPa), stretchability (104%), toughness (31 MJ m −3 ), and solvent resistance. Notably, it preserves vivid optical iridescence, displaying stretchable variation from red, yellow, to green responding to the applied mechanical stimuli. More interestingly, upon exposure to spraying moisture, it executes sensitive actuation (4.6° s −1 ) and multiple complex 3D deformation behaviors, accompanied by synergistic iridescent appearances. Due to its structural anisotropy of CNC with typical left-handedness, the actuation shows the capability to generate a high probability (63%) of right-handed helical shapes, mimicking a coiled tendril. The authors envision that this versatile system with sustainability, robustness, mechanochromism, and specific actuating ability will open a sustainable avenue in mechanical sensors, stretchable optics, intelligent actuators, and soft robots.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https:/...