We have learnt time and again that food supply shocks have resulted in food price spikes, instability, violence and even regime collapse. When the supply chain at the primary producers (farmers) level is functioning well, the success will ripple down the whole chain. In this review, we present our approach for the development of an extension model for the promotion of precision conservation agricultural practices (PCAPs) uptake among rice-wheat smallholder farming households, considering the demand as well as the prospect for developing and up-scaling rice-wheat production system in Africa. PCAPs are technologies and practices that are capable of helping farmers to apply right resources at the right place and, at the right time, using the right method. The combination of these technologies and practices can help in achieving optimum resource stewardship and resource conservation in the farmers' field. However, extension strategies and supports are needed to facilitate the adoption of these best practices at the farmers' level.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Attitude is a behavioural construct that cannot be measured by a single variable, hence the need for developing a standardized instrument for its measurement. The present study has been conducted to develop a reliable and valid instrument for exploration of farmers’ attitudinal orientation towards Precision Conservation Agricultural Practices (PCAPs). PCAPs are technologies and practices that are capable of helping farmers to apply right resources at the right place, at the right time, with a right method. The combination of these technologies and practices can help in achieving optimum resource stewardship and resource conservation at the farmers’ field. However, the attitude of farmers’ may influence the uptake of these practices at farmers’ field. A step by step procedure of developing standardized attitude scale was followed using Likert’s summated rating approach. The steps include item collection, relevancy test, item analysis, reliability test as well as validity test. Finally, thirty items were selected for the attitude scale which were found reliable at Spearman Brown coefficient of 0.75 and satisfied content validity. The attitude scale may be useful for researchers and extension functionaries in the field of Precision Conservation Agriculture (PCA) as well as climate smart agriculture (CSA).