Maize-Teosinte hybrids are of significant interest to maize breeders as a resource of genetic diversity during the maize domestication process as a genetic pool for maize improvement. This study examines the genetic diversity and population structure of 16 Zea mexicana populations which are currently active in Zea breeding programs in Egypt using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. RAPD analysis (14 primers) produced 141 bands; out of which, 102 (72.3%) were polymorphic. On the other hand, AFLP (5 primer combinations) yielded 276 peaks including 267 (96.7%) polymorphic ones with an average of 53.4 peaks per primer combination. A total of 11 unique RAPD markers were created by 6 primers and identified 8 genotypes. The five primer combinations generated 56 unique amplicons that successfully distinguished 12 out of the 16 genotypes tested. Furthermore, the number of observed alleles (Na), effective multiplex ratio (EMR), and polymorphic information content (PIC) indices showed higher values for AFLP (2.00, 53.4, and 0.21) than for RAPD (1.67, 7.3, and 0.15). Cluster analysis based on Nei and Li genetic distance and an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) revealed 5 main clusters representing the 16 Zea mexicana confirming the population structure analysis obtained. High variability of the studied teosinte genotypes using RAPD and AFLP markers will provide valuable tools for Zea mexicana breeding programs in Egypt.

Low levels of available nitrogen in soils may limit rice growth. An investigation was undertaken at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Shiekh during 2010 and 2011 rice growing seasons the objectives of this investigation was aimed to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen sources combination on growth, yield and its components of Egyptian hybrid rice 1 (EHR1). All growth traits i.e. plant height, number of tillers hill-1 , chlorophyll content as well as dry matter accumulation differed significantly by N sources combination. Application of 46 kg N fed-1 plus 7 tons of FYM fed-1 recorded highest values of these traits at all different growth stages, while the untreated control treatment gave the lowest ones. Applications of 46 kg N fed-1 plus 7 tons FYM fed-1 produced tallest panicles and highest panicle grain weight, number of panicles hill-1. The untreated (control) treatment gave the minimum values of all traits mentioned above.

2010 summer seasons to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals,3-days "T1",6days "T2" and 9-days "T3" on three rice cultivars; namely, Giza 177, "V1", Giza 178 "V2" and Sakha 104 "V3" with Algalization (cyanobacteria) rates; namely, control (without Algalization, C0), 1000 g/fed "C1" and 1500 g/fed "C2 ". The data showed that Giza 178 gave the highest values, while, Giza 177 had the lowest for plant height, number of tillers/m 2 and number of roots/hill. Also, Giza 177 had the superiority over the other two cultivars in grain yield and water utilization. This efficiency could be attributed to its higher number of filled grains/panicle, sterility(%) and 1000grain weight. On the other side, the gel consistency and gelatinization temperature of all rice cultivars were soft and low, respectively. Data clarified that increasing irrigation intervals decreased plant height, number of tillers/m2 DMA, panicles length, number of panicles/ m 2 , number of filled gains/panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. However, the opposite was true for sterility percentage and W UE. In addition, rice quality was not significantly affected by irrigation intervals. All growth characters were significantly increased due to Algalization compared to the nonalgalized plots. Also, grain yield, grain yield components, WUE and rice quality were significantly increased due to algalization, compared to the non-algalized plots. Generally, it could be concluded that, from the study, rice might be irrigated every six days and save water without deleterious effects, on its production, under Algalization with cyanobacteria with the rate ranged from 1000 to 1500 g/fed.

Rice is an important food crop in Egypt and allover the world. Low levels of available nitrogen in soils may limit rice growth. An investigation was undertaken at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh during 2010 and 2011 rice growing seasons. The objective of this investigation was aimed to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen source combinations on growth, yield and its components of Egyptian hybrid rice 1 (EHR1). Also, the effect of fertilizer combinations on rice stem borer was considered. All growth traits i.e. plant height, chlorophyll content as well as dry matter accumulation differed significantly by N sources combination. Application of 46 kg N fed-1 plus 7 tons of FYM fed-1 recorded highest values of these traits at all different growth stages, while the untreated control treatment gave the lowest ones. Applications of 46 kg N fed-1 plus 7 tons FYM fed-1 produced tallest panicles, highest panicle grain weight, and number of panicles hill-1. The untreated (control) treatment gave the minimum values of all traits mentioned above.The rice stem borer infestation markedly decreased with the application of farmyard manure or rice compost as compared with mineral nitrogen.