Transmission of the causing agent of the pine wilt disease, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), among Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pinaceae) trees in Portugal is known to occur during pine sawyer, Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), adult feeding on twigs of healthy trees or during female oviposition on dying or dead trees. Still, the disease does not affect the other potentially susceptible local pine species, Pinus pinea L. Several experiments evaluated the suitability of P. pinea as a host for M. galloprovincialis feeding, oviposition, and progeny development. Feeding responses were studied in two-choice experiments pairing P. pinea twigs with P. pinaster, Pinus halepensis Miller, Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus uncinata Miller, and Pinus nigra Arnold. Another test assessed the effect of increased dosages of limonene applied to P. pinaster twigs on M. galloprovincialis feeding. Oviposition preferences for P. pinaster, with either intact or manipulated bark thickness, P. pinea, and P. sylvestris were also studied in two-choice tests. Finally, suitability of P. pinea as a substrate for the development of M. galloprovincialis offspring was tested. Results showed that P. pinea could be an acceptable host for the pine sawyer feeding under laboratory conditions. Only P. sylvestris and P. pinaster twigs were significantly more consumed than those from P. pinea. Control and limonene-treated twigs were eaten similarly, but feeding decreased as dose increased, suggesting an inhibitory effect of limonene. Oviposition wounds, both eggcontaining and eggless, occurred more on P. pinea than on P. sylvestris or P. pinaster, though the percentages of wounds indicating successful egg laying were significantly higher on P. pinaster and P. sylvestris. Monochamus galloprovincialis progeny completed its development on P. pinea, but emergence was lower than on P. sylvestris, likely due to higher mortality during egg and early larval stages. Thus, results on vector host preferences do not explain the observed absence of nematodekilled P. pinea trees in the field.
ResumenSe aislaron tres cepas de hongos entomopatógenos en ejemplares adultos de Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleptera: Cerambycidae) infectados de forma natural que resultaron pertenecer a las especies Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fr., Lecanicillium attenuatum (Zare & W. Games) y Beauveria pseudobassiana (Bals.) Vuill. Esta es la primera vez que se han aislado estos hongos en ejemplares de M. galloprovincialis. En nuestros ensayos, la cepa de B. pseudobassiana (EABps 11/01-Mg) resultó ser la más virulenta para este insecto. Se investigó su capacidad de transmisión horizontal y vertical en formulación acuosa y seca. La formulación acuosa no mostró evidencias de ningún tipo de transmisión. Sin embargo, todos los insectos infectados de forma horizontal con la formulación seca murieron y su tiempo medio de vida se redujo significativamente. El número medio de mordeduras de oviposición realizadas, huevos puestos, larvas vivas 5 días tras la puesta y orificios de entrada para pupar en el xilema 6 meses después fue significativamente inferior tanto en hembras expuestas directamente al hongo como en aquellas que lo recibieron por transmisión horizontal en comparación con las hembras control, mostrando que una reducción de la progenie inducida de forma horizontal es posible. Estos resultados manifiestan el potencial de la cepa aislada de Beauveria pseudobassiana como agente regulador de la población de este insecto. A través de técnicas de autodiseminación, esta cepa podría ser usada en el control integrado del vector del nematodo de la madera del pino como una nueva herramienta para el manejo de la enfermedad del marchitamiento de los pinos. Palabras clave: hongos entomopatógenos, enfermedad del marchitamiento de los pinos, manejo integrado, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Isaria farinosa, Lecanicillium attenuatum. Cepa nativa de Beauveria pseudobassiana como agente potencial en el control biológico de Monochamus galloprovincialis, vector del nematodo de la madera del pino
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