Ifosfamide and anthracyclines are the only active agents in advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Doxorubicin was always used in sarcomas, whereas ifosfamide was reintroduced in the clinic after the discovery of mesna which prevents its typical dose-limiting toxicity: hemorrhagic cystitis. In the adjuvant setting, doxorubicin was used alone or in combination in the first-generation trials, whereas its parent compounds epirubicin and ifosfamide were employed in the second-generation adjuvant trials, which started in the early 90s. Other relevant aspects of the second-generation trials are the use of the hematopoietic growth factors and the increase of the dose intensity, the introduction of more restrictive selection criteria and the use of the two most active agents, ifosfamide and anthracyclines. Only the Italian cooperative trial has been concluded, and the results reported and updated. After a median follow-up of 89.6 months (range 56–119), the intention-to-treat analysis still reveals a difference in overall survival which, however, is not statistically significant. However, the 5-year overall survival estimate, which is a reasonable end point for the survival analysis of adjuvant treatment in soft tissue sarcomas, was 66.0 and 46.1% for the treatment and the control groups, respectively (p = 0.04).
An analysis of factors that affect the discount rates and stock risk of European tourism firms during the period of 2003–2011 finds that macroeconomic variables have the greatest effect. Using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the study tests seven macroeconomic variables and seven accounting variables to better understand what most affects a stock price beta. The size of European tourism firms (measured by assets) is the only accounting factor that influences stock risk, while three macroeconomic factors, namely, European gross domestic product growth, exchange rate variation (between the euro and the U.S. dollar), and the profitability of the Dow Jones industrial average, have high explanatory power to predict variation of European companies’ stock risk.
Recibido el 31 de enero de 2014; aceptado el 8 de octubre de 2014 Disponible en Internet el 27 de junio de 2015
ResumenEl objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es doble: estudiar qué información explica el riesgo de las acciones y analizar si la implantación de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF), realizada en el mercado español en 2005, influye en dicha información. Conocer qué información contable y/o macroeconómica explica el riesgo de una acción es una información útil para el empresario y para el profesional de la gestión, pues nos indica qué variables observar para estimar la evolución del riesgo y, en consecuencia, la evolución del coste de capital o tasa de actualización. La tasa de actualización es una variable muy importante en muchas decisiones financieras, y su valor, que depende entre otras variables del riesgo, tiene una gran influencia en la decisión. Por este motivo es importante que dicha tasa se determine de forma objetiva, algo especialmente difícil en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES). Una gestión eficiente implica poder anticiparse a los efectos futuros, actuar para capturar los efectos positivos y minimizar los efectos negativos. Si sabemos qué variables explican el riesgo, conoceremos qué indicadores observar para analizar su comportamiento y prever lo que vaya a suceder en el futuro sobre la tasa de actualización.
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