IMPORTANCE Major weight loss is common in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who undergo radiotherapy (RT). How baseline and posttreatment body composition affects outcome is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether lean body mass before and after RT for HNSCC predicts survival and locoregional control. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANT Retrospective study of 2840 patients with pathologically proven HNSCC undergoing curative RT at a single academic cancer referral center from October 1, 2003, to August 31, 2013. One hundred ninety patients had computed tomographic (CT) scans available for analysis of skeletal muscle (SM). The effect of pre-RT and post-RT SM depletion (defined as a CT-measured L3 SM index of less than 52.4 cm2 /m2 for men and less than 38.5 cm2 /m2 for women) on survival and disease control was evaluated. Final follow-up was completed on September 27, 2014, and data were analyzed from October 1, 2014, to November 29, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were overall and disease-specific survival and locoregional control. Secondary analyses included the influence of pre-RT body mass index (BMI) and interscan weight loss on survival and recurrence. RESULTS Among the 2840 consecutive patients who underwent screening, 190 had whole-body positron emission tomography–CT or abdominal CT scans before and after RT and were included for analysis. Of these, 160 (84.2%) were men and 30 (15.8%) were women; their mean (SD) age was 57.7 (9.4) years. Median follow up was 68.6 months. Skeletal muscle depletion was detected in 67 patients (35.3%) before RT and an additional 58 patients (30.5%) after RT. Decreased overall survival was predicted by SM depletion before RT (hazard ratio [HR], 1.92; 95% CI, 1.19–3.11; P = .007) and after RT (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.02–4.24; P = .04). Increased BMI was associated with significantly improved survival (HR per 1-U increase in BMI, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87–0.96; P < .001). Weight loss without SM depletion did not affect outcomes. Post-RT SM depletion was more substantive in competing multivariate models of mortality risk than weight loss–based metrics (Bayesian information criteria difference, 7.9), but pre-RT BMI demonstrated the greatest prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Diminished SM mass assessed by CT imaging or BMI can predict oncologic outcomes for patients with HNSCC, whereas weight loss after RT initiation does not predict SM loss or survival.

Background Changing trends in head and neck cancer (HNC) merit an understanding of late effects of therapy, but few studies examine dysphagia beyond 2 years of treatment. Methods A case series was examined to describe the pathophysiology and outcomes in dysphagic HNC survivors referred for modified barium swallow (MBS) studies ≥5 years after definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (01/2001–05/2011). Functional measures included the Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS), Performance Status Scale-Head and Neck (PSS-HN), Swallowing Safety Scale (NIH-SSS), and MBSImp. Results Twenty-nine patients previously treated with radiotherapy (38%) or chemoradiotherapy (62%) were included (median years post-treatment: 9, range: 5–19). The majority (86%) had oropharyngeal cancer; 52% were never smokers. Seventy-five percent had T2-T3 disease; 52% were N+. Median age at diagnosis was 55 (range: 38–72). Abnormal late examination findings included: dysarthria/dysphonia (76%), cranial neuropathy (48%), trismus (38%), and radionecrosis (10%). MBS studies confirmed pharyngeal residue and aspiration in all dysphagic cases owing to physiologic impairment (median PAS: 8; median NIH-SSS: 10; median MBSImp: 18) whereas stricture was confirmed endoscopically in 7 (24%). Twenty-five (86%) developed pneumonia, half requiring hospitalization. Swallow postures/strategies helped 69% of cases, but no patient achieved durable improvement across functional measures at last follow-up. Ultimately 19 (66%) were gastrostomy dependent. Conclusions Although functional organ preservation is commonly achieved, severe dysphagia represents a challenging late effect that may develop or progress years after radiation-based therapy for HNC. These data suggest that novel approaches are needed to minimize and better address this complication that is commonly refractory to many standard dysphagia therapies.

IMPORTANCE Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) historically has a 4-month median overall survival (OS) from time of diagnosis, with disease-specific mortality approaching 100%. The association between recent major advancements in treatment and OS has yet to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate rates of OS in patients with ATC over the last 2 decades.

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Background Due to its physical properties, intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) used for oropharyngeal carcinoma patients has the ability to reduce the dose to organs at risk compared to intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) while maintaining adequate tumor coverage. Our aim was to compare the clinical outcomes of these two treatment modalities. Methods We performed a 1:2 matching of IMPT to IMRT patients. Our study cohort consisted of IMPT patients from a prospective quality of life study and consecutive IMRT patients treated at a single institution during the period 2010–2014. Patients were matched on unilateral/bilateral treatment, disease site, HPV status, T and N stages, smoking status and receipt of concomitant chemotherapy. Survival analyzes were performed using a Cox model and binary toxicity endpoints using a logistic regression analysis. Results Fifty IMPT and 100 IMRT patients were included. The median follow-up time was 32 months. There were no imbalances in patient/tumor characteristics with the exception of age (mean age of 56.8 years for IMRT patients and 61.1 years for IMPT patients, p-value = 0.010). Statistically significant differences were not observed in overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12–2.50, p-value = 0.44) or in progression free survival (HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.41–2.54; p-value = 0.96). The age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the presence of a Gastrostomy (G)-tube during treatment and at 3 months post-treatment are respectively (OR = 0.53; 95%CI: 0.24–1.15; p-value = 0.11) and (OR = 0.43; 95%CI: 0.16–1.17; p-value = 0.10). When considering the pre-planned composite endpoint of grade 3 weight loss or G-tube presence, the odds ratios at 3 months and 1 year were respectively (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.19–1.0; p-value = 0.05) and (OR = 0.23; 95%CI: 0.07–0.73; p-value = 0.01). Conclusion Our results suggest that IMPT is associated with reduced rates of feeding tube dependency and severe weight loss without jeopardizing outcome. Prospective multicenter randomized trials are needed to validate such findings.