BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Corticothalamic networks are considered core pathologic substrates for idiopathic generalized epilepsy; however, the predominant epileptogenic epicenters within these networks are still largely unknown. The current study aims to identify these epicenters by resting-state functional connectivity.

SUMMARY The anticonvulsant properties and toxicity of phensuximide (Milontin), methsuximide (Celontin) and ethosuximide (Zarontin) have been investigated in laboratory animals. The three compounds were very effective in suppressing the initial clonic seizures induced by Metrazol in rats and mice. Whereas methsuximide and phensuximide were capable of protecting mice from tonic extensor seizures to supramaximal electroshock at non‐neurotoxic and slightly ataxic doses respectively, ethosuximide could do so only at anesthetic dose levels. The anticonvulsant spectrum of methsuximide was shown to be similar to that of phenacemide; ethosuximide, on the other hand, resembles trimethadione very closely in anticonvulsant action. A discussion was given to correlate the anticonvulsant properties of these drugs as examined in mice and their therapeutic indications for the management of petit mal, grand mal and psychomotor epilepsy. There were no abnormalities shown on hematological and biochemical analyses of the blood and on gross and microscopic examinations of various organs and tissues of rats which ingested 0.75 g/kg of the three drugs daily in the diet for 6 months, and of dogs and monkeys which received these drugs at 50 and 100 mg/kg orally, 5 days a week, for 6 months to one year. RÉSUMÉ Les propriétés anticonvulsives et la toxicité de la phensuximide (Milonttn), methsuximide (Célontin) et éthosuximide (Zarontin) ont étéétudiées sur des animaux de laboratoire. Les trois composés se sont montrés très efficaces en ce qu'ils suppriment la crise clonique initiate provoquée chez les rats et les souris par le cardiazol. Tandis que la methsuximide et la phensuximide en doses non‐neurotoxiques respectivement provoquant une légère ataxie, sont capables de protéger des souris contre des crises toniques des extenseurs causées par l'électrochoc supramaximal, l'éthosuximide ne peut agir de même qu'en des doses de niveaux anesthésiques. Le spectre anticonvulsif de la methsuximide s'est révelé semblable à celui de la phénacémide; par ailleurs, l'éthosuximide ressemble fortement en son action anticonvulsive à la triméthadione. Les auteurs discutent sur le fait d'établir une corrélation entre les propriétés anticonvulsives de ces médicaments en ce qui concerne leur action chez les souris et leurs indications thérapeutiques dans le traitement du petit mal, du grand mal et de l'epilepsie psychomotrice. On n'a pas observé d'anomalies dans les analyses hématologiques et biochimiques du sang et dans les examens microscopiques ou macroscopiques d'organes et tissus variés de rats ayant ingéré quotidiennement dans leur régime 0.75 g/kg de ces substances pendant 6 mois, et ceux de chiens et de singes les ayant reçues oralement à doses de 50 et 100 mg/kg 5 jours par semaine pendant une période de six mois à un an.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the 3D motion of cervical vertebra with different curvatures under seven functional postures and investigate the relationship between cervical spine curvatures and the kinematics of each functional motion unit. Methods: Seventy-five volunteers were classified into 5 curvature groups based on the C1-C7 Cobb angle of sagittal alignment. These were: a normal group, straight group, kyphosis group and hyper and hypolordosis groups. All volunteers underwent cervical spine CBCT scans at 7 functional positions. The range-of-motion (ROM) of each vertebra and the overall cervical spine were measured using a 3D-3D registration technique. Results: In comparison to the normal group, the ROM of C3-C4 during left-right twisting in the kyphotic group was significantly higher, while the ROM of C1-C2 during left-right bending was also significantly greater. In addition, the ROM of C5-C6 in the straight group was higher during left-right bending in comparison to the normal group. During flexion-extension, the ROM of C4-C5 in kyphotic subjects was significantly lower than in the normal group, while in the C5-C6 segment, the ROM of the straight and the kyphotic groups was significantly greater compared to the normal group. During left-right bending, the global ROM of kyphotic subjects was higher than in the normal group. Conclusions: 3D kinematics was used to accurately quantify the ROM of cervical spine under different curvatures under physiological load. The data implied that cervical kyphosis may have a greater impact on ROM. Our findings may contribute to prevent cervical spondylosis by early intervention in curvature changes.