RESUMOVisando reduzir as dificuldades do produtor no cultivo da alface americana, especificamente quanto à falta de informações técnicas sobre a quantidade de água a ser aplicada, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de água referentes às características produtivas da alface americana. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Lavras, no período de março a maio de 2008, em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco fatores de evaporação, correspondentes a 0,30, 0,60, 0,90, 1,20 e 1,50 EVm (lâmina evaporada), baseado na lâmina evaporada de um minitanque. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o número de folhas internas e a circunferência da cabeça comercial tiveram resposta quadrática aos tratamentos, com valores máximos alcançados entre o intervalo de 0,95 a 1,10 de reposição da lâmina evaporada; a máxima produtividade comercial, 35.308 kg ha -1 , foi estimada com a aplicação da lâmina de 204,3 mm, correspondente ao fator de reposição de 1,01; a maior eficiência no uso da água (563,07 kg ha -1 mm -1 ) ocorreu com a aplicação da lâmina de irrigação, de 74,53 mm (0,30). Palavras-chave:Lactuta sativa L., lâmina de irrigação, ambiente protegido Effect of irrigation on the crisphead lettuce yield, in protected environment ABSTRACTWith the aim of minimizing the difficulties faced by producers of crisphead lettuce, specifically those related to the lack of technical information about the quantity of water to be applied, a study was conducted in order to determine the effect of various water depths on the crisphead lettuce yielding characteristics. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Lavras, from March to May 2008 in greenhouse. A randomized block design with five treatments and four repetitions was used. The treatments, consisting of five levels of evaporation: 0.30, 0.60, 0.90, 1.20 and 1.50 EVm (evaporate depth), based on depth evaporated in a reduced pan. The results showed that the number of internal leaves and commercial head circumference present a quadratic response to the treatments, where the maximum values were reached at evaporated depth intervals of 0.95 to 1.10; the maximum commercial productivity, 35,308 kg ha -1 , was estimated by applying a 204.3 mm depth, which corresponded to a water reposition factor of 1.01; the highest water use efficiency (563.07 kg ha -1 mm -1 ) was attained when an irrigation depth of 74.53 mm (0.30) was used.
RESUMOVisando reduzir as dificuldades do produtor no cultivo da alface americana, especificamente quanto à falta de informações técnicas sobre o momento oportuno de irrigar e a quantidade de água a ser aplicada economicamente viável, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de água sobre o comportamento produtivo e econômico da alface americana. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Lavras, no período de março a maio de 2008 em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco fatores de evaporação, correspondentes a 0,30, 0,60, 0,90, 1,20 e 1,50 EVm, baseado na lâmina evaporada de um minitanque. Os resultados permitiram concluir que, a máxima produtividade total e comercial, 65.578 e 35.308 kg ha -1 , foram estimadas com aplicação de lâminas equivalentes a 203,9 e 204,3 mm, respectivamente, correspondente ao fator de reposição de 101%. Considerando o preço do fator água (R$ 0,67 mm -1 ) e o preço da alface americana (R$ 0,90 kg -1 ), a lâmina economicamente ótima foi 203,9 mm, resultando em uma produtividade comercial praticamente igual à máxima física. Termos para indexação:Lactuca sativa L., lâmina econômica, ambiente protegido. ABSTRACTWith the objective of minimize the difficulties faced by the producers on cultivating the crisphead lettuce, specifically those related with the lack of technical information regarding the ideal moment to irrigate and the amount of water to be applied, a study was performed in order to determine the effect of different water depths on production and economical behavior of crisphead lettuce. , were estimated by applying depths equivalent to 203.9 and 204.3 mm, respectively, corresponding to 101% replacement factor. Considering the water factor price (R$ 0.67 mm -1 ) and crisphead lettuce price (R$ 0.90 kg -1 ), the economically optimum depth was 203.9 mm, which resulted in a commercial yield equal to a physical maximum.
Since January 2020, studies report reductions in air pollution among several countries due to social isolation measures, which have been adopted in order to contain the coronavirus outbreak progress (COVID-19). This study aims to evaluate the change in the atmospheric pollution levels by NO and NO 2 in São Paulo City for the social isolation period. The NO and NO 2 hourly concentrations were obtained through air quality monitoring stations from CETESB, from January 14, 2020 to April 12, 2020. Mann-Kendall and the Pettitt tests were performed in the air pollutant time series. We observed an overall negative trend in all stations, indicating a decreasing temporal pattern in concentrations. Regarding NO, the highest absolute decrease rates were observed in the Congonhas (− 6.39 μg m −3 month −1 ) and Marginal Tietê (− 6.19 μg m −3 month −1 ) stations; regarding NO 2 , the highest rates were observed in the Marginal Tietê (− 4.45 μg m −3 month −1 ) and Cerqueira César (− 4.34 μg m −3 month −1 ) stations. In addition, we identified a turning point in the NO and NO 2 series trends that occurred close to the start date of the social isolation period (March 20, 2020). Moreover, from statistical analysis, it was found that NO 2 is a suitable surrogate for monitoring economic activities during social isolation periods. Thus, we concluded that social isolation measures implemented on March 20, 2020 caused significant changes in the air pollutant concentrations in the city of São Paulo (as high as − 200% in NO 2 levels).
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