Environmental pollution due to heavy metals from mining activities, vehicular emissions, agricultural and biomass burning are a major concern in many parts of the world (UNEP, 2006). Extensive mining of chromite, platinum and silica in the GTM mining belt may pose a serious threat to the environment. Mining of these ores may release toxic metals such as hexavalent chromium and platinum group metals which are carcinogenic and mutagenic to human health (Zayed and Terry, 2003; Ravindra et al., 2001). Studies worldwide have found that ambient levels of PM 10 are associated with adverse health effects including increase in premature deaths, hospital admissions and emergency attendances for respiratory and cardiovascular disease and exacerbation of asthma (Pope III, 2000; Dockery, 2001). PM 2.5 which is smaller in aerodynamic diameter than PM 10 ,

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In this paper, we modify the convective vorticity vector (CVV) defined as a cross product of absolute vorticity and gradient of equivalent potential temperature to moist potential vorticity vector () MPVV defined as a cross product of absolute vorticity (a ζ) and the gradient of the moist-air entropy potential temperature (s θ). The patterns of () MPVV are compared with the patterns of heavy rainfall events that occurred over different regions in Tanzania on 20 th to 22 nd December, 2011 and on 5 th to 8 th May, 2015. Moreover, the article aimed at assessing the relative contributions of the magnitude, horizontal and vertical components of () MPVV detecting on the observed patterns of rainfall events. Dynamic and thermodynamic variables: wind speed, temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity from numerical output generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model running at Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) were used to compute. MPVV It is found that MPVV provide accurate tracking of locations received heavy rainfall, suggesting its potential use as a dynamic tracer for heavy rainfall events in Tanzania. Finally it is found that the first and second components of MPVV contribute almost equally in tracing locations received heavy rainfall events. The magnitude of MPVV described the locations received heavy rainfall events better than the components.

The IPCC assessment reports confirm that climate change will hit developing countries the hardest. Adaption is on the agenda of many countries around the world. However, before devising adaption strategies, it is crucial to assess and understand the impacts of climate change at regional and local scales. In this study, the impact of climate change on rain-fed maize (Zea mays) production in the Wami-Ruvu basin of Tanzania is assessed using process based crop model the Decision Support System for Agrotechnological Transfer (DSSAT). The model was calibrated using detailed field and household survey information of (crop yields, soil and management data inputs). Daily minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall and solar radiation for current climate condition as well as future climate projections (2010-2039), (2040-2069) and (2070-2099) for two Representative Concentration Path ways (RCPs): RCP45 and RCP85 scenarios were used to drive the crop model. These data are derived from three high-resolution regional climate models (RCMs), used in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment program (CORDEX). Impact of climate change on maize production is assessed by analyzing the changes in simulated maize yields for the period 2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099 relative to baseline period 1971-2000. Projection results from different models showed that due to climate change, the length of growing season and future maize yields over Wami-Ruvu basin will decrease under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 at the current, mid and end of the centuries. However, the projected yields estimates and the length of growing season differ from model to model highlighting the uncertainties associated with the projections. Climate data from the ensemble average of five model members was constructed to address the issue of uncertainties from individual climate models and used to drive DSSAT. Results showed that due to climate change future maize yields over Wami-Ruvu basin will slightly increase relative to the baseline during current century under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. Meanwhile, maize yields will decline in the mid and end centuries. The spatial distribution shows that more decline in maize yields are projected over lower altitude regions due to projected increase in temperatures and decreased rainfall in those areas. The eastern part of the basin will feature more decrease in maize yields, while central parts of the basin and the western side of the basin will experience increase in maize yields during current, mid and end centuries under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. The main reason for decrease and increase maize yields is the projected increase in temperatures that will reduce the length of growing seasons and hence affecting maize productivity. It is therefore recommended that appropriate and adequate adaptation strategies need to be designed to help the communities adapt to the projected decrease in maize production.

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