The review considers data from 28 publications devoted to the specific impact of COVID-19 on the course of tuberculosis. It describes diagnosis and clinical manifestations in case of co-infection of these two diseases. Also, it discusses the social impact of lockdowns and restrictive measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic on the treatment of tuberculosis. The article discusses the impact of BCG vaccination on the immune response to the coronavirus.

One of the significant problems of endocrine surgery is the treatment of benign thyroid tumors. With the development of technology, modern therapy methods have appeared that have been used along with traditional ones. This article provides a review of the literature on conservative, surgical, and alternative methods of treatment. Manifestations of benign tumors can be different, the applied medical tactics depends on the course of the disease and the volume of the lesion. If an asymptomatic course is detected and there is no significant growth, dynamic observation is recommended. In the past, hormone therapy with thyroid drugs has remained, in view of their low effectiveness and severe complications, with the exception of some cases. The use of surgical treatment methods - thyroidectomy and hemithyroidectomy is considered the gold standard of treatment. Endoscopic methods can reduce tissue damage compared with open surgery, reduce the period of postoperative rehabilitation of the patient and avoid gross cosmetic defects. The use of radioactive iodine is an alternative to surgery, but its use is limited by the size of the tumor. The most promising are minimally invasive treatments, such as laser-induced thermotherapy, radiofrequency ablation and ethanol ablation. Laser-induced thermotherapy has good clinical results; the effect on the required tissue site is provided by laser light, which focuses on it, acting first on the surface layers, then on the deep ones. Radiofrequency ablation is used for lesions of the thyroid gland, including large nodes. A small risk of complications and a good cosmetic effect allow it to be used in the treatment of benign neoplasms in the first place. Ethanol ablation is less expensive than radiofrequency ablation, it should be considered as a first-line treatment for cystic thyroid nodules.

Thyroid cancer is the leading cancer in the endocrine system. Over the past few decades, the incidence of this pathology worldwide has increased at a higher rate than other cancers. The main method of treatment for thyroid cancer is surgical. Some of the complications that can result from surgical treatment are tracheomalacia and trachea damage. Tracheomalacia is a pathological softening of tracheal rings resulting from prolonged compression of the trachea resulting in degenerative changes in cartilages. As a result of the removal of the thyroid tumor, a defect of its wall may form. Damage of the trachea can occur when the thyroid isthmus is separated from it. In addition, when separating the thyroid gland from the trachea, performing central lymphodissection, the blood supply of the trachea may be disturbed, which is carried out according to the segmental type, characterized by a lack of the number of collaterals. There is presented a clinical case of successful treatment of a rare complication after thyroid surgery for papillary cancer in the form of trachea in a patient of 49 years. By analyzing the clinical example, taking into account the macroscopic picture of trachea defects, their location and dimensions, it is possible to assume segmental disorder of blood supply of the upper third of the trachea in the postoperative period with the development of ischemic changes and regions of necrosis of ring ligaments. In order to prevent such complications in thyroid operations, it is necessary to preserve the paratracheal vascular anastomotic network by carefully preparing the tracheal branches of the lower thyroid artery.

Relevance: Infectious diseases are one of the most pressing problems in pediatrics, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on society and health.Purpose of the work: to analyze the frequency of infectious diseases in children of the Udmurt Republic during a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection using the example of rural and urban areas.Materials and methods: a statistical analysis of the official medical documentation (form No. 12) of the Udmurt Republic «Mozhginskaya regional hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Udmurt Republic» and the Budgetary Establishment of Health of the Udmurt Republic Alnash District Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Udmurt Republic for 2019—2020 for children with infectious diseases up to 14 years old inclusive was carried out.Result: the incidence of infectious diseases decreased: in Mozhga it decreased by one third (33%) compared to the previous year (13889 and 9318 cases); in Al-nash experienced a more significant reduction in 2 times (3618 and 1513 cases, respectively). The rate of decline in Mozhga was 33%. The maximum values are traced among the following nosologies: influenza, viral hepatitis, meningococcal infections (the rate of decline was 100%). In Alnash, the rate of decline was 58%, the highest rates were in laryngitis and tracheitis (the rate of decline was 73%). The downward trend in infectious pathology during a pandemic is similar in urban and rural areas.Conclusion: restrictive measures against COVID-19 contributed to a decrease in the incidence of infectious pathology, which is more transmitted by airborne droplets, but also spread by fecal-oral and contact-household routes. Studying the characteristics of the incidence of infectious diseases during the period of self-isolation can help doctors control the level of morbidity in the future.