SummaryStiff-Man syndrome (SMS) is a rare disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by progressive rigidity ofthe body musculature with superimposed painful spasms. An autoimmune origin of the disease has been proposed . In a caseload of more than 100 SMS patients, 60% were found positive for autoantibodies directed against the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Few patients, all women affected by breast cancer, were negative for GAD autoantibodies but positive for autoantibodies directed against a 128-kD synaptic protein.We report here that this antigen is amphiphysin . GAD and amphiphysin are nonintrinsic membrane proteins that are concentrated in nerve terminals, where a pool of both proteins is associated with the cytoplasmic surface of synaptic vesicles. GAD and amphiphysin are the only two known targets of CNS autoimmunity with this distribution. This finding suggests a possible link between autoimmunity directed against rytoplasmic proteins associated with synaptic vesicles and SMS.

In a subgroup of patients with the stiff-man syndrome, the condition is likely to have an autoimmune paraneoplastic origin. The detection of autoantibodies against the 128-kd antigen in patients with this syndrome should be considered an indication to search for an occult breast cancer.

Our first-year results confirm the fairly high risk for stroke in central and northern Italy and support European findings regarding risk factors for stroke.

The incidence rate of first-ever TGA registered in the province of Belluno, Italy, was closely similar to that reported in Turku, Finland and confirms that TGA is more common than has been usually proposed. We emphasize the usefulness of prospective, rather than retrospective, epidemiological studies for research on TGA.