No abstract

Complementary state-of-the-art optical, scanning electron, and X-ray microscopy techniques have been used to study the morphology of Apollo 11 lunar soil particles (10084-47). The combination of innovative lighting geometries with image processing of a through focal series of images has allowed us to obtain a unique collection of high-resolution light micrographs of these fascinating particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) stereo-pair imaging has been exploited to illustrate some of the unique morphological properties of lunar regolith. In addition, for the first time, X-ray micrographs with submicron resolution have been taken of individual particles using X-ray ultramicroscopy (XuM). This SEM-based technique lends itself readily to the imaging of pores, cracks, and inclusions and allows the internal structure of an entire particle to be viewed. Rotational SEM and XuM movies have also been constructed from a series of images collected at sequential angles through 360°. These offer a new and insightful view of these complex particles providing size, shape, and spatial information on many of their internal features.

BACKGROUND The perceived inadequacies of the cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear have been attributed to sampling, screening, or interpretive errors. Within this type of cytologic preparation, there are thick cell clusters in which the cells are obscured. It may not possible to evaluate these areas by conventional microscopy. The authors clinically tested the hypothesis that high‐definition, three‐dimensional (3‐D) microscopy based on multiple oblique illumination (MOI), with its ability to penetrate into thick areas, would be useful in evaluating problematic cervical Pap smears, particularly those diagnosed as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). METHODS ASCUS Pap smears and corresponding surgical biopsy specimens were evaluated prospectively using standard, axially illuminated microscopes and a new high‐definition, 3‐D microscope employing MOI. The Pap smears were reviewed in a blinded fashion with both types of microscopy. The rendered diagnoses were then compared with the subsequent tissue biopsies, which also were blinded, as the definitive end point. RESULTS It was immediately apparent that the high‐definition, 3‐D MOI microscope had better resolution compared with the standard microscopes. Pap smears and biopsy diagnoses were correlated significantly for MOI (P < 0.001), and there were significant improvements (P = 0.0108) in accuracy when 3‐D, high‐definition microscopy was compared with conventional microscopy. The authors found no statistically significant correlation between ASCUS diagnoses that were rendered by using standard microscopes compared with the subsequent biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Due to enhanced visualization through thick cell clusters, an increased depth of field, light penetration, and resolution, high‐definition, 3‐D microscopy based on MOI produced superior accuracy compared with conventional light microscopy in evaluating cervical Pap smears. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2002. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

The Peshitta is considered a fairly literal translation. However, the attitude of the translator (using the singular here for simplicity) of Isaiah and Jeremiah to his Hebrew Vorlage was complex: he almost always preserved the original message, but exercised literary initiative, selecting lexical equivalents sometimes inconsistently, sometimes with great precision, sometimes disrupting rhetorical structure, sometimes making additions to render opaque Hebrew clearly. He did not see his text as 'sacred' at any point, nor did later scribes who introduced further small additions and modifications. The range of Syriac vocabulary employed is wide: there is no evidence of poverty.