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E-collaboration technologies are broadly defined as electronic technologies that enable collaboration among individuals engaged in a common task (Kock, Davison, Ocker, & Wazlawick, 2001; Kock & Davison, 2003; Kock 2004, 2005). The reasons to enter inside the Internet are huge market value and effective data transactions (Perkins, 2000). The developments of electronic collaborations turn out the hard task into a soft one. This technology development allows the whole sectors to leverage the powers of the Internet and communication network to coordinate their efforts and the e-business models have provided the workable infrastructure for group communication and information processing (Jian Cai, 2004). Many published studies have also shown that, besides technologies the social aspects are essential for the success of collaboration (Briggs, 2003; Easley, 2003). The social aspects that lie behind this article are the speedy and effective services provided by the collaboration technologies for the patients. This article mainly speaks on how the deficiency of the blood can be solved by the blood banks. For this purpose a standard model has been created, in which the blood donors can be connected electronically with patients under the network assistance provided by the blood banks and the hospitals.

Use of hollow cold‐formed steel (CFS) sections has gained popularity in the construction of light industrial and commercial structures. However, their overall load carrying capacity under flexure can be severely affected due to the possible buckling failure modes. Addition of concrete as an infill material for hollow CFS sections can significantly improve their overall performance by resisting their inward local buckling. In this paper, the effectiveness of self‐compacting concrete (SCC) as an infill material for hollow channel sections (HCS) is investigated under flexure. In total, nine full‐scale hollow channel sections with and without SCC infill are tested to understand the effect of different parameters namely (i) width to depth ratio, (ii) section thickness, and (iii) developed length. In addition, a detailed nonlinear finite element (FE) modeling was performed using the software ABAQUS. Moreover, an analytical investigation was performed to determine the ultimate moment capacity of SCC infilled sections using the strain compatibility procedure. Test results revealed that the addition of SCC infill helped in increasing the ultimate moment resistance by more than 100% when compared to the specimens with no infill. Moreover, the local buckling resistance of HCS is significantly improved due to the addition of SCC infill. The validated analytical and finite element models were used for performing an extensive parametric investigation.

La tendencia actual en los diseños de la ingeniería estructural es el abaratamiento de los sistemas estructurales mediante la optimización de sus elementos. En este trabajo se emplean métodos numéricos para obtener las dimensiones óptimas de secciones conformadas en frío (CFS) tipo C, Z y en I con perfiles huecos rectangulares (RHFB) que se usan para piezas en flexión. Para la optimización se usaron dos parámetros, la relación entre la dimensión del alma y la longitud del desarrollo (k) y la relación entre la longitud del ala y la longitud del labio (a). Los valores óptimos se obtuvieron mediante algoritmos genéticos. Se investiga la variación del momento resistido con las variaciones en la dimensión del alma, el ala y el labio. Las longitudes de desarrollo consideradas en este trabajo van de 100 mm a 500 mm y los espesores adoptados desde 1 mm a 3 mm. El momento resistido y el comportamiento a pandeo de las secciones conformadas en frío (CFS) se verifican mediante el análisis por elementos finitos no lineales usando ABAQUS.