Relevance. The efficiency of agricultural production is determined by internal and external conditions. When cultivating grain crops (GC), extensive technologies predominate using plowing, which is contrary to environmental principles and leads to soil degradation. The analysis shows that for the period from 1930 to 2020 y., the efficiency of plowing (CUA) decreased from 0.84 to 0.37: the highest efficiency was provided by units based on DT-54, and the smallest, corresponding to 0.37, was recorded for a unit with a K-744R3 tractor with a PML-8 plow -10. And the application of precision farming technologies, due to the lack of control theory, will require a long time. However, under certain prevailing conditions, the use of moldboard processing – plowing has positive aspects that provide an increase in the yield of grain crops. The time has come for a radical change in attitudes towards agriculture. We need innovative mechanical and technological solutions. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of technologies for growing grain crops based on the establishment of relationships between the main technical and economic indicators that characterize the effectiveness of the use of innovative tillage processes in adaptive landscape agriculture in Siberia. Research methods. Analysis and synthesis, optimization methods, experimental research methods, as well as methodological principles, including the principle of decomposition and superposition, the principle of block-modularity, the Ashby principle, the principle of adaptation and flexibility of implemented mechanical and technological solutions. Results. With a deep scientific justification and methodological completeness, it is necessary for the recommended farming systems to carry out a rational distribution of the most common technologies. And in order to conduct expanded reproduction, ensured by the level of profitability of the SC at least 30%, a change in the ratio of fixed and variable costs is required. It has been established that this ratio should be increased by 1.64 times compared to the existing one. The use of the hyperbolic tangent function, which describes the relationship between tangential stresses and soil moisture, and its study for an extremum, made it possible to determine the rational structure of the main tillage of heavy and heavy loamy soil types. So, for a wet period, with W> 23%, plowing with share plows is recommended; favorable, W = 18 – 23% – non-moldboard processing by a flexible automated technological complex; arid, W<18% – minimal or no-moldboard layer-by-layer processing, differentiated by the golden ratio. Conclusions. Increasing the competitiveness of Russian agricultural products is possible only through innovative development, which requires not only a new methodological environment, but also a change in the mathematical apparatus. To conduct expanded reproduction at a profitability level of at least 30%, dependencies are proposed that allow determining a rational cost structure, as well as a rational structure of methods for the main processing of heavy and heavy loamy soil types, depending on their moisture content. Solving the problem of increasing the efficiency of domestic agricultural production, which has a variety of conditions, requires the creation of innovative types, both tractors and complexes of special agricultural equipment.
Иван Петрович Добролюбов, доктор технических наук, профессор Сибирский федеральный научный центр агробиотехнологий, п. Краснообск, Новосибирская область, Российская Федерация Реферат. Показали, что при возделывании зерновых культур в Сибири преимущественно используют экстенсивные технологии на фоне недостаточного технического обеспечения, что делает продукцию неконкурентоспособной. Дальнейшая интенсификация земледелия требует повышения точности выполнения технологических операций. Однако обеспеченность современной техникой остается основным лимитирующим фактором технологической модернизации земледелия. Выявили, что резервом роста эффективности в машинных технологиях возделывания зерновых культур может стать обработка почвы, на которую расходуется 30-40 процентов всех энергозатрат. (Цель исследования) Обосновать методологические принципы автоматического управления энергоемким процессом основной обработки почвы в агротехнологиях возделывания зерновых культур. (Материалы и методы) Использовали методы статистического анализа и синтеза технических средств управления. (Результаты и обсуждение) Подтвердили необходимость интеллектуализации сельскохозяйственного производства. Разработали систему автоматического управления режимами, которая относится к классу автоматических адаптивных систем с программным позиционным управлением на входе и обеспечивает нахождение машинно-тракторного агрегата в оптимальной зоне энергетических режимов. В качестве критерия качества системы позиционного управления приняли минимум динамической ошибки. Для ее измерения применили метрику махалонобисского типа-хемминговым расстоянием. Работу машинно-тракторного агрегата контролировали посредством силового и кинематического управления режимами работы двигателя на тракторах с гидрофицированной коробкой передач, двигатель которых форсирован газотурбонаддувом. Направили воздействие непосредственно на рейку топливного насоса или рычаг управления топливоподачей, на рычаг переключения скоростей коробки передач и на рычаги гидронавесной системы. (Выводы) Выявили случайный характер изменения тягового сопротивления машинно-тракторного агрегата из-за неоднородности почвенного покрова. Определили, что следствием этого стали повышенная энергоемкость, а также недостаточная эффективность применения встроенных информирующих систем о текущих энергетических режимах работы. Для контроля и управления неоднородностью почвы по ее твердости предложили новое техническое решение. Доказали, что разработанные и апробированные теоретические основы и технические средства автоматического управления энергоемкими технологическими процессами обработки почвы обеспечивают требуемые показатели качества. Ключевые слова: зерновые культуры, интенсификация производства зерна, агротехнологии, обработка почвы, неоднородность почвы, энергоемкость, система автоматического управления; режимы работы машинно-тракторных агрегатов.
The priority direction of agricultural production in the arid zone of the south of Central Siberia is animal husbandry, which predetermines the need for intensive development of feed production and, in particular, the production of rough and succulent forage. One of the most important factors of the stabilized and guaranteed crop production is irrigated land cultivation.Research purposeTo prove the efficiency of machine technology of surface irrigation in the arid conditions of the south of Central Siberia.Materials and methodsThe authors have determined technical parameters of the main elements of the temporary irrigation network (non-inclined hollow and a water-retaining roller) during the formation of surface irrigation areas by the results of time-length observations made in accordance with the requirements of the testing station. The technological process of forming irrigated plots with specified technical parameters was carried out according to the operational and technological evaluation of the machine technology testing. The evaluation was carried out using a computer-based portable information-measuring system IP238MR to determine the traction indicators of the machine, carried out by the STO AIST 1.3-2007.Results and discussionThe authors have proposed a technology of surface irrigation over wide long strips with level furrows, recommended for irrigation of grain, forage crops, natural hay making areas and pastures. A set of technical means has been developed for the construction and operation of surface irrigation systems in wide long lanes with level furrows. The tools can be coupled with an МТZ tractor of 1.4 tons. Comprehensive use of machines in the construction and operation of irrigation systems for surface irrigation as compared with existing machines in land reclamation construction allows to improve the quality of work and labor productivity by 3-5 times. Surface irrigation technology and a set of machines have passed state tests at the Siberian State Zonal Machine Testing Station and are recommended to be included in the basic agricultural technology.ConclusionsIt has been found that the integrated use of new machines L-1.5, V-3.0 and VP-4.0 in the construction and operation of irrigation systems allows reducing the operating costs and construction time of irrigated plots by 1.8 times, increase the yield of green mass of oats by 17.2 percent while reducing the cost of cultivation by 10.1 percent. Grain production can be increased by 1.9 times.
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