A field experiment was conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm, during the two successive growing seasons (2008 and 2009) to study the effect of watering level and planting method on yield and crop water productivity of two rice varieties, Giza 177 and Egyptian Hybrid 1. Statistical design was split split plot; main plots were allocated to planting method (broadcasting and transplanting), while sub-plots were assigned to be rice varieties (Giza 177 and Egyptian Hybrid 1). Sub-sub plots were the watering levels; watering as traditional in the area (Trad.), 75% of traditional watering (0.75 Trad.) and watering according to Ibrahim equation,1981 (Ib. eq.). The obtained results can be summarized as follows: Watering level affected plant height, where watering according Ibrahim equation reduced plant height of rice plant by 5.02 % in the first season and by 6.97 % in the second one. Decreasing watering level from traditional method to 0.75 of traditional method reduced grain yield by 49 Kg fed-1 in the first season and 33 Kg fed-1 in the second season (in both seasons the difference is not significant). Decreasing watering level from traditional method to watering according Ibrahim equation reduced grain yield by 673.5 Kg fed-1 (14.55 % reduction) in the first season and by 630 fed-1 (13.91% reduction) in the second season (in both seasons the difference is highly significant). Grain /Straw Ratio of variety treatment means were 0.700 for Giza 177 and 0.980 for Egyptian hybrid 1 in the first season and the corresponding values of the second season were 0.770 and 0.952. Grain /Straw Ratio of Egyptian hybrid 1 was decreased with decreasing watering level under the study. The means of 1000 grain weight of Giza 177 were 25.68 and 25.82 gm in the first and second season, respectively. The means of 1000 grain weight of Egyptian hybrid 1 were 24.45 and 24.88 gm in the first and second season, respectively. watering according to 0.75 of traditional + Giza 177 assigned 3.310 gm rice grain panicle-1 compared with 3.055 and 2.685 gm panicle-1 for watering as traditional + Giza177 and watering according Ibrahim equation + Giza177 treatments, respectively. The same means for the same treatments in the second season were 3.275 gm panicle-1 compared with 2.865 and 2.890 gm panicle-1, respectively. In the first season watering according to traditional + Egyptian hybrid 1 assigned 4.385 gm rice grain panicle-1 compared with 4.025 and 3.600 gm panicle-1 for watering as 0.75 of traditional + Egyptian hybrid 1 and watering according Ibrahim equation + Egyptian hybrid 1 treatments, respectively. The same means for the same treatments in the second season were 4.540 gm panicle-1 compared with 4.165 and 3.595 gm panicle-1, respectively. The lower Crop water productivity values (0.747 and 0.718 kg m-3) were assigned with Giza 177 and the higher values (0.895 and 0.852 kg m-3) were assigned with the latest one (Egyptian hybrid 1). Crop water productivity of traditional watering, 0.75 of traditional watering and watering according...

To evaluate the effect of the Mediterranean sea on some soil chemical and physical properties of Dumyat Governorate, nineteen soil profiles (1 Km apart)were studied. Soil samples were taken from each profile at four depths, (0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm). The obtained results can be summarized in:  Very little differences were found between layers of each profile (1-3) in coarse sand. In the fourth and fifth profiles the highest values (24.72 and 18.13 %) of coarse sand were observed in layer c (60-90cm). Coarse sand of profiles 6 to 19 was very little, where it did not exceeds than 2.65 % (means of layers of each profiles).  Fine sand is the predominant component of soil profiles from 1 to 5. The positive correlation were found between fine sand in each layer and the distance from the sea (profile 6-19 data), where the correlation coefficient are 0.70, 0.63, 0.63,and 0.41.  Silt content was increased with increasing the distance up to 22.65 % in profile 5. Silt content of profiles 6-19 are ranged from 20.61% to 48.42% where the highest value for profile 6. The highest value of clay percentage (86.86%) was found in profile 7 at the depth of 60-90 cm.  Soil organic matter content tend to be high in profiles 6-19 , where it is amounted by 0.36 % (layers mean of profile 19) at the farthest point from the sea and 0.46 % at the nearest point from the sea (layers mean of profile 6). In most cases of profiles 6-19 soil organic matter contents were higher in surface layer.  Total carbonates of the heavy textured soils (from 6-19) lie in the normal range of total carbonate of delta soil (1.42% layers mean of profile 11 and 4.42 5 means of profile 14). In most cases the second layers have the highest amount of total carbonate compared with the other layers.  The obtained results of saturation percentage of soils nearest the sea are high (33.5 to 40.2 %) compared with the other soil lie in the same textured class. This due to the dominance of very fine sand and silt in soil particles and to the higher soil salinity level.  Soil pH of layer A and B was increased with increasing the distance from the sea in the two groups of profiles. Where the pH of layers C and D was decrease with increasing distance in the first group of profiles (1-5) then increased with increasing distance in the second group (profile 6-19).  The relation between cation exchange capacity of the studied soils and thier clay content was explained by the following equation y = 0.9984x + 8.7467.  No constant trend was found in exchangeable sodium percentage with increasing the distance from the sea up to 5 km in A, B, and C layer where in layer D the exchangeable sodium percentage was increased with increasing the distance up to 4 km then decreased. This decrease may be due to presence of drain beside.

Two field experiments in spit plot design were carried out in winter season of 2014-2015 at Mansoura University Farm, Qalabshu region, Dakhlia Governorate, Egypt, to investigate Wheat and barley productivity as affected by biochar, compost, chicken manure with different rates of mineral fertilization. The obtained results can be summarized in ; biochar, compost and chicken manure addition led to increase wheat grain yield by 6.36, 14.92 and 21.21 % compared with 0.0 organic addition, where the same amendment with the same order increased barley grain yield by 16.59, 28.43 and 31.17 %. Mineral fertilizer increased both wheat and Barely grain yield up to the highest level used, 125 % of recommended NPK. Chicken manure treatment recorded the highest straw yield, 4002.5 and 2511.3 Kg fed. -1 , of wheat and barley, respectively, So recorded the highest values of 1000grain weight of wheat, 50.53, and barley, 43.90 gm., respectively. A significant organic fertilizer types -mineral fertilization dose interaction was found regarding to 1000 grain weight of wheat where a non-significant interaction was found regarding to 1000 grain weight of barley. Chicken manure -125% of recommended NPK treatment gives the heights values of wheat and barley grains N content, 1.81 and 1.699 %. Biochar, compost and Chicken manure increased P content of wheat grains by 18.0, 29.0 and 34.0 % Compared with 0.0 organic matter. A similar trend was also achieved with barley , where The percentage of increase were 34.9 , 34.9 and 49.0%, respectively. Increasing mineral fertilization level from 100 % to 125 % increased p content of wheat and barley by 4.0 and 3.0 %, respectively. Very little increase but significant was found in K content of wheat and barley due to appling biochar treatment, 5040.0 Kg fed. -1 , compared to 0.0 organic treatment. The highest value of K content for wheat, 0.284 and barley, 0.506 %, were achieved with 125% of NPK recommendation dose treatment.

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2008 in Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm; Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. This study aimed to clarify the effect of different irrigation systems and potassium and phosphorus fertilization levels on maize crop. The obtained results can be summarized in; -Irrigation systems and fertilization levels interaction significantly affect maize grain yield. The highest value of maize grain yield (2.14 ton/fed) was recorded under furrow irrigation system + 125% of P and K recommended dose treatment. -Increasing P and K fertilizations levels from 50 to 125% of the recommended dose caused an increase in maize stalks yield amounted by 45.11%. The highest mean of maize stalks yield (5.250 ton/fed) was recorded under furrow irrigation system + 125% of P and K recommended dose. -Furrow irrigation improved maize grain potassium utilization by 24.43% than that of sprinkler irrigation. Potassium uptake by maize grain of furrow irrigation system + 125% of P and K recommended dose treatment was higher than that of sprinkler irrigation system + 50% of P and K recommended dose treatment by 94.53%. -Furrow irrigation system recorded the highest value of phosphorus uptake by maize grain (8.033 kg/fed) compared with other irrigation systems. 125% of P and K recommended dose recorded the highest value of P uptake by maize grain (9.53 kg/fed) compared with the other fertilization treatments. -Furrow irrigation system decreased maize water use efficiency by 35.37 and 63.30% less than that of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems, respectively. The highest value (1.64 kg grain / m 3 ) of water use efficiency for maize was recorded under drip irrigation system + 125% of P and K recommended dose.

The experiment was carried out during the months from (June -August), in 2007 at the Agricultural Researches Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University. This work aimed to study the effect of cutting rice straw and the various additions on some chemical and physical properties of rice straw compost at different periods during composting(60,75and 90days).Relevant data revealed that ,the total organic carbon, total nitrogen and C/N ratio of the composted rice straw was significantly affected by cutting and different additive of urea (0, 10.13 , 15.46 and 24.54 g urea /Kg) , lime with (10g/kg and without adding) , super phosphate 15g/Kg and clay soil (100g/kg) at the periods of composting. The pH value and EC value of the composted rice straw was significantly affected by cutting , different additive of urea and lime at the periods of composting .Treatment of fine rice straw (L1) gave the greatest bulk density and water holding capacity, However, the treatment of high tall rice straw (L2) gave the lower values at the three periods. In addition, relevant results suggested cutting rice straw and addition some additives such as urea and lime to improve some chemical and physical properties of rice straw compost. Keywords; chemical and physical properties, lime, rice straw compost.