Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare resistance rate against anti-retrovirals in two cohorts of children with HIV-one perinatally infected from Cambodia and the other nosocomially infected in Kyrgyzstan. Patients and Methods: Two groups of HIV positive children were compared: Vertically infected Khmer children in Cambodia and nosocomially infected children in 3 hospitals in Kyrgyzstan. Results: Prevalence of S. aureus and other oral cavity comensual was much lower in Kyrgyz children in comparison to Khmer children in

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Purpose of this paper was to review group of Cambodian children with AIDS -late presenters, coming to our programme with low immunologic status (CD4˂5%, and ˂100 CD4 cells) and opportunistic infections as well as children who started HAART too late according to the guidelines valid in 2003 -2005 (˂200 CD4 cells per cubic millimetre). Another aim of this study was to compare children with AIDS who are on 2 nd line HAART for risk factors, failure and outcome in comparison to children on 1 st line ARV. There was relatively low proportion of children on 2 nd line treatment since beginning of ART (27 of 140, 19%). Mortality in late presenters is higher than in non-late presenters and also opportunistic infections were higher in the group of late presenters, including HZV and TB. Relatively high proportion of slow progressors was found among included children as well.