Background: Accurate assessment of the working length determines the success and prognosis of endodontic treatment. There are no systematic reviews comparing the accuracy of different methods of working length determination in endodontics Aim: To evaluate clinical studies on the accuracy of different methods used for working length determination in endodontics. Search strategy: Search was conducted on Pub med central, Medline and Mesh data base for the related topic from 1991 to 2012. Articles were selected, if they met the following criteria: clinical trials, clinical studies, randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials.Results: There is no significant difference between conventional methods and electronic apex locators in the accuracy of working length determination. But electronic apex locators and digital radiographic methods were found to be beneficial from the perspective of radiation dose reduction. Conclusion: Electronic apex locators are not superior to radiographs in determining working length. Long term follow up studies evaluating post operative success comparing electronic apex locators and radiographic methods are needed to appreciate the best method of working length determination in endodontics.

INTRODUCTIONF ear-related behaviors had long been recognized as the most diffi cult aspect of patient management and could be a barrier to good care. [1] Among all severe forms of fears, which were ranked the fear for dental procedures was ranked the tenth. [2] Trypanophobia (an irrational fear of procedures involving injections) was not uncommon among dental patients. [3] Local anesthesia (LA) forms the backbone of pain control techniques in dentistry. The injection of cocaine with epinephrine in 1885 by William Halsted enabled, for the fi rst time, surgical procedures to be performed painlessly in a conscious human being. [3] Painless LA delivery is mandatory, especially when used for preschool children. [4] To the best of knowledge, less studies on the influence of needle gauge in perception of pain during local dental anesthetic injection had been conducted on children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the children's pain perception and to record their reactions, while providing dental LA with 26 and 30 gauge needles.

Dental anomalies of number and forms may occur in the primary and permanent dentition. Various terms have been used to describe dental twinning anomalies: gemination, fusion, concrescence, double teeth, cojoined teeth, twinned teeth, geminifusion and vicinifusion. Double tooth is a term used to describe connate tooth and includes both dental fusion and gemination. The phenomenon of gemination occurs when two teeth develop from one single bud leading to a larger tooth. Fusion is a condition in which the crowns of two separate teeth have been joined together during the crown development. Fusion occurs infrequently but could cause esthetic, spacing and periodontal problems. The present article highlights the presence of a primary double tooth in an 11 year old boy involving primary mandibular left lateral incisor and canine. Clinical examination and radiographic examination confirmed the absence of the permanent left mandibular lateral incisor. Cases with primary double tooth necessitate careful examination as they may be associated with anomalies in the succeeding permanent dentition and require proper treatment planning. Key words: Double tooth, fusion, gemination, partial anodontia, primary dentition.Prasad Rao VA, Reddy NV, Krishnakumar, Sugumaran DK, Mohan G, Senthil Eagappan AR. Primary double tooth with partial anodontia of permanent dentition -a case report. J Clin Exp Dent. 2010;2(2):e79-81.

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Fractures of proximal femur account for 30% of all hospitalization for fractures. Most fractures occur in the elderly usually in association with osteoporosis and as a result of only moderate or minimal trauma. Literature suggests, Despite being a great option, the failure chance of DHS fixation is high if negligence made to Tip Apex Distance. This study is to assess the outcome of DHS with regards to Tip Apex distance.