No abstract

The intense accumulation of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligands in salivary glands is still not well understood. It is of concern for therapeutic applications of PSMA radioligands, because therapeutic radiation will damage these glands. A better understanding of the uptake mechanism is, therefore, crucial to find solutions to reduce toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the accumulation of PSMA-targeting radioligands in submandibular glands (SMGs) can be explained with PSMA expression levels using autoradiography (ARG) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: All patients gave written informed consent for further utility of the biologic material. The SMG of 9 patients, pancreatic tissue of 4 patients, and prostate cancer (PCA) lesions of 9 patients were analyzed. Tissue specimens were analyzed by means of PSMA-IHC (using an anti-PSMA-antibody and an immunoreactivity score system [IRS]) and ARG using 177 Lu-PSMA-617 (with quantification of the relative signal intensity compared with a PSMA-positive standard). The SUV max in salivary glands, pancreas, and PCA tissues were quantified in 60 clinical 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET scans for recurrent disease as well as the 9 primary tumors selected for ARG and IHC. Results: PCA tissue samples revealed a wide range of PSMA staining intensity on IHC (IRS 5 70-300) as well as in ARG (1.3%-22% of standard). This variability on PCA tissue could also be observed in 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET (SUV max , 4.4-16) with a significant correlation between ARG and SUV max (P , 0.001, R 2 5 0.897). On IHC, ARG, and 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET, the pancreatic tissue was negative (IRS 5 0, ARG 5 0.1% ± 0.05%, SUV max of 3.1 ± 1.1). The SMG tissue displayed only focal expression of PSMA limited to the intercalated ducts on IHC (IRS 5 10-15) and a minimal signal on ARG (1.3% ± 0.9%). In contrast, all SMG showed a high 68 Ga-PSMA-11 accumulation on PET scans (SUV max 23.5 ± 5.2). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the high accumulation of PSMA radioligands in salivary glands does not correspond to high PSMA expression levels determined using ARG and IHC. These findings provide evidence, that the significant accumulation of PSMA radioligands in SMG is not primarily a result of PSMA-mediated uptake.

Highlights SalvGlandDx includes 27 genes known to be involved in salivary gland neoplasms Can be applied to FFPE histological and cytological (cell block) specimen Solely RNA extraction is needed Gene fusions, hotspot mutations and gene expression levels can be detected Guides diagnosis in uncertain cases and can detect therapeutically relevant fusions