Приводятся некоторые результаты изучения видов сем. Orchidaceae Juss. флоры Южного Урала в пределах Республики Башкортостан на охраняемых и иных территориях. Наиболее эффективной формой охраны редких видов орхидей является охрана их на ООПТ; эффективность охраны видов с разными жизненными формами, стратегиями жизни и эколого-фитоценотической приуроченностью зависит от выбора методов и способов охраны. Для сохранения некоторых видов на территории заповедников необходимо поддержание экстенсивного хозяйственного использования мест произрастания (однократное в конце лета или раз в два-три года сенокошение для сообществ опушечно-луговых видов) с переводом их в ранг участков с ограниченной хозяйственной деятельностью. Для сохранения популяционной структуры видов действенной мерой будет организация новых ООПТ, повышение статуса отдельных ООПТ и создание буферных зон со специальным режимом охраны вокруг заповедников.

The effective conservation of rare species is possible in specially protected natural areas. The article presents the results of coenopopulations monitoring and assessing the state by demographic and vitality indicators of dremlik dark red (Epipactis atrorubens) family Orchidaceae in three reserves of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The geobotanical descriptions were carried out on a nine-point modified scale of Brown-Blanke. The ecological conditions of the habitats were assessed by the composition of species in plant communities using the ecological scales of Ellenberg. The assessment of the vitality of coenopopulations was carried out according to the size range of individuals (IVC). The studied coenopopulations grow on steep slopes, underlain by carbonate rocks, in dry pine forests and pine-birch forests. The number of individuals in coenopopulations is small, from 76 to 600 individuals; more than 4 thousand individuals were recorded in a favorable year in the Bashkir State Nature Reserve. Over a number of years for coenopopulations are characterized by significant fluctuations in the number, density, vitality of individuals and age spectra, which is associated with the prevailing influence of weather conditions on the growth and development of individuals. The average age spectra of coenopopulations are complete and incomplete, right-sided, with a predominance of generative and vegetative individuals. A decrease in the total number of individuals in some years by 3.0-6.5 times for E. atrorubens is not critical. Under protection conditions coenopopulations are in a satisfactory and stable condition.

Aim. Conduct a botanical and geographical analysis of the species of the fam. Orchidaceae in the upper part of the Ural River basin and provide recommendations on the organization of specially protected natural areas.Material and Methods. The study of the distribution of orchids was carried out both on the basis of the results of our own field expeditions and on literature and herbarium collections stored in local and central herbaria (UFA, SWER, LE, MW). The coenopopulation studies were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods.Results. The species composition of orchids was revealed and their arealogical, ecological-coenotic, coenopopulation analysis was undertaken in the upper part of the Ural River basin. Despite the wide range, most species of the fam. Orchidaceae are characterised by a narrow ecological-coenotic confinement. The low occurrence of orchids in the conditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the territories under consideration is associated with both weather-climatic and anthropogenic impacts. The coenopopulations of most species are small and the ontogenetic spectra are incomplete.Conclusions. Species of the family Orchidaceae do not grow in economically developed territories. The remaining locations of orchids are mainly associated with landscapes that are difficult to access for anthropogenic impact. In order to preserve the steppe and forest-steppe landscapes of the Urals it is necessary to further develop the system of specially protected natural areas. The most promising for this purpose are the Krykty and Irendyk ranges, which are distinguished by their unique landscape and biological diversity.

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