Background: Cephalometry is fundamental in diagnosis, analysis, and planning of orthodontic-surgical treatment as it reveals skeletal relationship between the upper and lower jaw as well as facial aesthetic parameters. Nevertheless, 3D cephalometry has still not become the exam of choice in orthognathic treatment even though today CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) is routinely used in other branches of dentistry. Methods: In a sample of 13 patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery a chin-vertex CBCT exam was prescribed prior to orthodontic treatment (OT) and 12 months after surgery (T1). The DICOM files uploaded to MaterialiseSimplant Ortho software pro 2.1 (Materialise Co., Leuven, Belgium) were analyzed following the multiplane 3D Total Face cephalometry protocol (TFA). Results: Results comparing pre-op and post-op TFA 3D cephalometry, were then evaluated considering reference values reported in literature. The CBCT, carried out pre- and post-surgery, were subsequently analyzed employing the superimposition method using cranial base as reference. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in orthognathic surgery. Conclusions: Multiplane 3D TFA allows the clinician to locate where major or minor skeletal discrepancies are found with respect to ideal parameters and is also useful in classifying skeletal intermaxillary relation. The superimposition method is highly intuitive but does not provide information on the quantity and location of osteotomic movement.

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The aim of this study is to propose a 3D skeletal classification and relative normal values of reference. Method: from a pool of 271 cone-beam computerized tomography images 108 chin-summit examinations of the skull were selected and divided into 3 traditional skeletal classes. The same Cone-beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) images were then assessed using the cephalometric multiplanar analysis following the total face approach protocol. Results: the results of this study indicate standard 3D cephalometric norms for the vertical and sagittal evaluation of the skull. Conclusion: data obtained from our measurements allowed the creation of intervals supplying nosological classification that could be used in orthodontics, orthognatic surgery and implant surgery in fully edentulous patients.

Three-dimensional digital radiology (3D) versus conventional two-dimensional radiology offers the ability to diagnose and plan treatments in dental and maxillofacial surgery, allowing the simulation of surgical procedures.The book entitled "3D Imaging and Dentistry" is the result of the intellectual effort of a team from the University School of Dentistry at Instituto Ortopedico Galeazzi in Milan. It has a systemic approach and along thirteen chapters presents 3D analysis and CBCT following well-defined internationally acknowledged protocols in different dentistry field.First the authors present the basic principles for the use of CBCT in dentistry, namely growth and development of facial bone from infancy to senescence, analysis of maxilla and mandible, the concept of cephalometric, soft tissue and skeletal landmarks. The most impressive part of this book is the 3D esthetic analysis of the soft tissues and the diagnostic with Multiplanar, the anatomy and pathology of the TMJ, the 3D analysis of airway spaces, the impactation of permanent maxillary canine and mandibular third molars. The applications of CBCT in periodontology, endodontology, computer-assisted guided surgery and medico-legal issues are also included.In an illustrative format easy to understand the textbook brings the readers the benefits of using CT/CBCT 3D images for evaluation in many other dental fields such as TMJ, endodontics treatment, and many pathological presentations that could not be visualized with conventional 2D radiography. "3D Imaging and Dentistry" is a book which should be found in the personal library of every practitioner who wishes to provide treatments as accurate as possible to his/her patients.

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