IntroduzioneL'ipertensione perioperatoria, forse per le sue caratteristiche (frequente impossibilità della somministrazione orale, necessità di un effetto rapido ma ben modulabile, possibile presenza di squilibri idroelettrolitici ecc.), è un problema avvertito più dagli anestesisti che dagli internisti ipertensivologi. Le linee guida europee (ESH-ESC) del 2003 non citano l'ipertensione perioperatoria, mentre il settimo rapporto del Joint National Committee (JNC) [1] dedica poche righe all'argomento, per suggerire che «un'ipertensione non controllata è associata a maggiori fluttuazioni della pressione arteriosa durante l'induzione dell'anestesia e con l'intubazione e può aumentare il rischio di eventi ischemici perioperatori. Livelli di pressione arteriosa ≥ 180/110 mmHg dovrebbero essere controllati prima dell'intervento». Ammette comunque che «l'ipertensione è molto comune nel periodo postoperatorio precoce per l'aumento del tono simpatico e delle resistenze vascolari. The intraoperative arterial pressure should be maintained within 20% of the best estimated preoperative arterial pressure, especially in patients with markedly elevated preoperative pressures. After surgery the arterial BP can increase for stress factors, pain, hypoxia and hypercapnia, hypothermia and infusional liquids overload. For all these reasons a careful monitoring is mandatory. Anti-hypertensive medication should be continued during the postoperative period in patients with known and treated hypertension, as unplanned withdrawal of treatment can result in rebounded hypertension. The decision to give anti-hypertensive drugs must be made for each patient, taking into account their normal BP and their postoperative BP. With regard to the optimal treatment of the patient with poorly or uncontrolled hypertension in the perioperative evaluation, recent guidelines suggest that the best treatment may consider cardioselective β-blockers therapy, but also clonidin by transdermic way. ACE-ihinibitors and angiotensin-II-antagonists are allowed, but with caution, like as dihydropiridinic calcium-antagonists. Sublingual nifedipin is not recommended, owing to the evidence of an increased morbidity and mortality. Diuretics can lead to dangerous liquids depletions and would not be used in absence of specific indications (such as congestive heart failure, etc.). In hypertensive crisis the most used drugs remain NPS, nitrates, i.v. β-blockers (labetalol, esmolol), fenoldopam. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative BP should always be reviewed with reference to the preoperative and intraoperative assessments. KEY WORDSPerioperative hypertension Preoperative hypertension Postoperative hypertension β-Blockers
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