Agricultural sector faces the challenge to produce more food with less water by increasing crop water productivity. As such, the question of improving the present level of crop water productivity in general and for irrigation in particular assumes a great significance in perspective water resource planning. This study was undertaken to improve water productivity, i.e., 'more crop per drop.' In this study response of cabbage to different irrigation schedules under mulch and non-mulch condition using calibrated AquaCrop model was evaluated. AquaCrop is a crop model that simulates yield response to water developed by FAO and is appropriate to consider effects where water is the limiting factor for crop production. AquaCrop was calibrated for cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), a leafy vegetable. Simulations were carried out for the period November 27, 2013, to February 19, 2014 with T 1 , T 2 , T 3 (treatments irrigation scheduling at 50 % moisture depletion of available water capacity under black, silver, and no polyethylene mulch with drip irrigation) and T 4 , T 5 , T 6 (irrigation scheduling at 100 % evapotranspiration under black, silver, and no polyethylene mulch with drip irrigation). The model provided excellent simulation of canopy and yield. The harvest index was observed as 80 % for cabbage. Formulated Schedule with S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 , and S 5 (irrigation schedule at 110, 90, 80, 70, and 60 % ET c ) and S 6 , S 7 , S 8 , S 9 , and S 10 (mulch ? Irrigation schedule at 110, 90, 80, 70 and 60 % ET c ). S 8 saved 25.19 % water with only 4.63 % reduction in the yield of cabbage head compared to control and resulted in water use efficiency as 6.05 kg m -3 . Thus S 8 is recommended to be used for cabbage production, to water productivity.

The River has got religious importance in India. The Bhima River is beginning from Bhimashankar hill and it flows through some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka state. The assessment of water quality for the development of the places near the bank of River is important. These is controlled by various manmade activities. The quality of river water resources is facing problems because of the continuous agricultural runoff, development and urbanization. Due to mixing of nutrients causes algal blooms, which results eutrophication. The modeling of water quality can be deliberated as useful tool for assessing river water. Bhima River is demarcated as a major and important water body located in Pandharpur, dist. Solapur, Maharashtra. As Pandharpur is having historical background and known as one of the famous Holly places in Maharashtra, this place is facing huge population fluctuation due to migrated pilgrims and rapid growth of urbanization. These two things detrimentally affect River water quality. The main objective of current study was to develop a hydrodynamic model combined with river water quality model for the Bhima River to measure and recognize the processes harmful for the River. For Bhima River a hydrodynamic model was constructed using the HEC-RAS 4.1 software combined with a river water quality model to estimate the amount, distribution and sources of algae, nitrate and temperature. The river model has standardized with the help of previous water levels near the Pandharpur region. It has standardized and calibrated for the assessed parameters by competing them with the present data. The result showed a relationship between DO and temperature range. DO level in Pandharpur and Gopalpur were observed to be fluctuating with respective temperature and during Vari season. However, wastewater discharge from Nalha in sample station 3 i.e. Goplapur shows slit changes in DO and due to this there is necessity to learn other parameters also.

SUMMARY :The present investigation was conducted in Parbhani district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra state. The main objective of the study was to study the constraints faced by the beneficiaries in use of farm pond. The data were collected through personal interview with the help of interview schedule by contacting 80 beneficiaries. The result revealed that majority (75.00%) of the beneficiaries were having medium farming experience, followed by 26.25 per cent of the beneficiaries were educated upto secondary school level, while 50.00 per cent of the beneficiaries were having semi-medium land holding. Whereas 75.00 per cent of the beneficiaries were having medium area under irrigation, while 80.00 per cent of the beneficiaries were having medium family size. It was also found that 87.50 per cent of the beneficiaries were having low social participation, whereas 52.50 per cent of the beneficiaries were having medium level of extension contact, and 52.50 per cent of the beneficiaries were having medium level of economic motivation, followed by 63.75 per cent of the beneficiaries were having medium risk preferences. Major constraints faced by beneficiaries were higher labour wages, nonavailability of credit in time, inadequacy of capital and lack of field demonstration. Beneficiaries faced problem of unavailability of labour or J.C.B., faced problem of more cost for J.C.B. than labour, faced problem of presence of agriculture assistant for taking photo, faced problem of lack of proper leadership, faced problem of lenthy time required for completing procedure, problem of unavailability of loan.How to cite this article : Supe, D.V., Kadam, R.P. and Pawar, G.S. (2017). Constraints faced by the beneficiaries in the use of farm pond in Marathwada region.

SUMMARY :Present study was purposively conducted in Nanded districts because this district occupies highest area under sweet orange. The district consist 16 talukas, out of that Bhokar and Nanded taluka was chosen purposively based on maximum area under cultivation. Six villages from each taluka were selected thus, total 12 village were selected from the talukas. The respondents were selected those having he sweet orange garden of at least 5 years old. From each village 10 sweet orange growers were selected randomly. Near about half of the respondent (45.84 %) were educated upto primary education, with (40.90 %) of semi-medium land holding, 83.33 per cent had medium annual income, 65.83 per cent had medium economic motivation, respondents 60.00 per cent had medium social participation, 72.50 per cent had medium extension contact, 63.34 per cent were in medium category of use of sources of information, 72.50 per cent had medium risk preference, respondents 74.16 per cent had medium market orientation, (63.34 %) had medium farming experience, 66.66 per cent were having the orchard of 11-15 years old age, 63.33 per cent found in medium level of training needs. This might be due to satisfactory level of knowledge and skill of the respondents about sweet orange plantation. extension contact, land holding, annual income, risk preference, economic motivation social participation and market orientation this variables had positive but non-significant relationship with training need.

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