The aim of this study was to clarify the extent of bone mineral deficiency in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome on the premise that testosterone substitution could prevent this deficiency. Bone mineral density was measured by single-photon absorptiometry in 42 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, (21 patients without therapy, 10 with testosterone substitution before the age of 20 and 11 patients with testosterone substitution beginning after the age of 20). We found significantly lower bone mineral density in patients without therapy and in patients when the therapy began later compared to normal individuals. Patients with early therapy showed a high proportion of normal values of bone mineral density. We found a positive correlation between bone mineral density and plasma testosterone and a negative correlation between plasma testosterone and age for patients without therapy. These findings suggest that low testosterone levels before or during puberty cause inadequate bone development and low bone mineral density in Klinefelter's syndrome. Only early testosterone substitution may prevent bone mineral deficiency. Later substitution no longer affects bone mineral density.

SUMMARY The inhibitory effect of the three benzimidazole derivatives timoprazole, picoprazole, and omeprazole on histamine and dbcAMP stimulated 14C-aminopyrine accumulation (=H' secretion) has been studied in isolated and enriched guinea-pig parietal cells. fed guinea-pigs of either sex (300-400 g) were killed by a blow on the neck, the abdominal cavity was opened, the stomach excised, opened along the major curvature, rinsed in ice cold buffer (see below), and fixed on a cork plate. The fundic mucosa of two animals per preparation was scraped off and placed in 20 ml albumin free buffer (pH 7.4) solution of 370C which was subsequently incubated under gentle stirring with 0.5 g/l collagenase for 15 minutes to remove mucus and damaged superficial cells. The pH was kept constant at pH 7.4 by permanent autotitration with 5% NaHCO3.The mucosal fragments were subsequently centrifuged for one minute at 250xg at room temperature. The supernatant was discarded and the remaining tissue pieces were resuspended in 20 ml buffer containing 1 g/l albumin, 0.5 g/l collagenase, and 0-3 g/l pronase and incubated for a further 80 minutes at 37°C and pH 7.4 under constant gassing with 95% 02/5% C02. The incubation mixture was then filtered through a nylon cloth and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 400xg. The supernatant was discarded and the sediment was washed and recentrifuged twice with 30 ml enzyme free but albumin containing buffer at room temperature.

Objectives Recent studies showed that distinct extracts of Erythrina species used in the traditional medicine of sub‐Saharan Africa are protective against stress conditions. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms as well as relevant compounds remain unclear. Methods We used the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate compounds isolated from the stem bark of Erythrina melanacantha (abyssinone V (1), abyssinon‐4′O‐methylether (2), sigmoidin B‐4′O‐methylether (3), glabranin (4), 8‐prenylnaringenin (5), citflavanone (6), exiguaflavanone (7) and homoeriodictyol (8)). Antioxidative capacity in vitro (trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity assay) and modulation of oxidative stress in vivo (2′, 7′‐dichlorofluorescein assay) were investigated; stress resistance was analysed using the nucleic acid stain SYTOX green. Key findings None of the prenylated flavonoids caused protection against thermal stress; in contrast, most of the compounds (1, 4, 5, 8) decreased stress resistance. None of the compounds decreased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, but abyssinone V (1) caused an increase in oxidative stress. In line with these results, none of these compounds showed radical‐scavenging effects in vitro. Conclusions The stem bark of E. melanacantha contains various prenylated flavonoids, but no compound protected C. elegans against stress conditions. In contrast, abyssinone V increases oxidative stress and reduces stress resistance in this model organism.

Background During pregnancy, urinary infections are an important cause of maternofetal morbidity and mortality and may lead to several complications. Objective To verify whether the use of antibiotic therapy in a single dose when compared with multiple doses in lower tract urinary infections during pregnancy is effective to obtain microbiologic cure. Search strategy Online databases were searched. Keywords used were "single‐drug dose", "antibiotic", "fosfomycin", "amoxicillin", "trimethoprim", "pregnancy", and "urinary tract infection". Selection criteria Studies were included if they were randomized controlled trials, the population was pregnant woman, microbiologic cure was attained, and one of the treatment groups received single‐dose antibiotic therapy. Data collection and analysis Preselected studies have been independently read by pairs, and data were extracted according to a predetermined sheet. The Cochrane tool was used for the risk of bias. Main results A total of 1063 women from nine studies were included. The primary outcome was the microbiologic cure attested by urine culture. When compared with the multiple‐day use of antibiotics, the single‐dose treatment has shown statistically similar results in reaching culture cure (odds ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.73–1.44). Conclusion The current study has shown that the use of single‐dose treatment for lower tract urinary infections during pregnancy can be recommended, especially using fosfomycin. Systematic review registration This review has not been registered.

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