We construct a new number-difference and operational phase entangled state by operating the Noh-Fougères-Mandel (NFM) phase operator on the twomode twin-photon state. Its Schmidt decomposition is derived by virtue of the previously constructed Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen eigenstate. We reach the conclusion that the NFM phase operator is essentially an entangling operator, based on which a new type of number-difference and operational phase squeezed state can be introduced.

This is an analytical review on kinetics and mechanism of threedimensional radical polymerization (TDRP) of multifunctional vinyl monomers (oligomers) having two or more double bonds per molecule. The period (1960 - 1977) of establishing the fundamental kinetic law of TDRP and the principal characteristics of its mechanism, i.e., microheterogeneity, is briefly described. New intense progress in the field of TDRP (during the recent decade) resulting from the development of new technologies based on this technique (fiber-optic engineering, information technology, etc.) has received much consideration. The methodological peculiarities of investigations on TDRP kinetics and mechanism, which are a result of the complex conditions of highly structured reaction media inherent in TDRP processes, are described. Particular attention is given to techniques of structuralphysical investigation (a consistent complex of methods including ESR, NMR, diffusion and radiation probing, mechanics and thermomechanics) sensitive to structural microheterogeneity in the range 10-6 - 10-4 cm. The perspectives of macromolecular design based on TDRP data are analyzed including latest approaches as the employment of a ‘living’ chain mode. This review covers three monographs in Russian, reflecting three sequential stages of TDRP development from 1960 till 1995 using acrylic oligomers as an example (most of the investigations were carried out at the Institute of Chemical Physics RAS). The bibliography includes 197 references.

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Chapter 9 will be useful for those who are wishing to master the field of three-dimensional free-radical copolymerization because it contains a general description of applicability of various methods used in analytical and physical chemistry for specific tasks: studying the kinetics and peculiarities of cross-linked polymers formation using the TFRP method.Conventional and widely known methods for high-molecular compound chemistry that are described in detail in scientific publications are inapplicable for threedimensional free-radical polymerization (TFRP) with formation of cross-linked polymers because the reaction medium is strongly structured, starting from small degrees of conversion (from the gel point), and produces polymers are nonfusible and insoluble. Therefore, this chapter gives a brief description of well-proven experimental methods used to study TFRP kinetics and the mechanism as well as the structure and properties of cross-linked polymers.

Data on the kinetics and mechanism of the three-Data on the kinetics and mechanism of the threedimensional radical polymerisation of multifunctional vinyl dimensional radical polymerisation of multifunctional vinyl monomers (oligomers) containing two (or more) double bonds monomers (oligomers) containing two (or more) double bonds are generalised and analysed. The history of this field of research is are generalised and analysed. The history of this field of research is briefly outlined. The characteristic feature of the mechanism of briefly outlined. The characteristic feature of the mechanism of three-dimensional radical polymerisation, three-dimensional radical polymerisation, i.e i.e., microheterogene-., microheterogeneity, is considered. Special attention is focused on recent advances ity, is considered. Special attention is focused on recent advances (last decade) in studies of three-dimensional radical polymer-(last decade) in studies of three-dimensional radical polymerisation associated with the development of new techniques isation associated with the development of new techniques (fiber-optic techniques, information technologies, (fiber-optic techniques, information technologies, etc. etc.). Consid-). Consideration is given to methodological aspects of kinetic experiments eration is given to methodological aspects of kinetic experiments in highly cross-linked reaction media in which three-dimensional in highly cross-linked reaction media in which three-dimensional radical polymerisation proceeds. The bibliography includes 223 radical polymerisation proceeds. The bibliography includes 223 references references. .