Novel approaches toward understanding the evolution of disease can lead to the discovery of biomarkers that will enable better management of disease progression and improve prognostic evaluation. Raman spectroscopy is a promising investigative and diagnostic tool that can assist in uncovering the molecular basis of disease and provide objective, quantifiable molecular information for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. This technique probes molecular vibrations/rotations associated with chemical bonds in a sample to obtain information on molecular structure, composition, and intermolecular interactions. Raman scattering occurs when light interacts with a molecular vibration/rotation and a change in polarizability takes place during molecular motion. This results in light being scattered at an optical frequency shifted (up or down) from the incident light. By monitoring the intensity profile of the inelastically scattered light as a function of frequency, the unique spectroscopic fingerprint of a tissue sample is obtained. Since each sample has a unique composition, the spectroscopic profile arising from Raman-active functional groups of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates allows for the evaluation, characterization, and discrimination of tissue type. This review provides an overview of the theory of Raman spectroscopy, instrumentation used for measurement, and variation of Raman spectroscopic techniques for clinical applications in cancer, including detection of brain, ovarian, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers and circulating tumor cells.
Anatase (A), rutile (R) and amorphous phase TiO2 thin films have been prepared by RF magnetron sputtering on unheated glass substrates by controlling the total pressure of sputtering gases (Ar + O2) and the substrate bias. The crystal structures of the films were confirmed by x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. The analysis of optical absorption data for A- TiO2 film shows an energy bandgap (Eg) of 3.2 eV (indirect extrapolation) and ∼ 3.5 eV (direct extrapolation). On the other hand, R-TiO2 film shows Eg ∼ 2.9 eV (indirect) and 3.2 eV (direct). The latter film also shows the presence of amorphous regions with Eg ∼ 3.0 eV (indirect) and 3.8 eV (direct). The bandgap of both the films, obtained using indirect extrapolation, has a value range consistent with the previous measurements.
The temperature dependence of Hall mobility, µ , and carrier density, e N , for thin InN films grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy and Plasma Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy have been investigated. For temperature up to 300 K, a large temperature-independent e N is observed in films grown by the above two techniques. However, for higher temperatures, carrier density (N e ) increases with temperature. The characteristic behavior of the mobility for the films with low carrier density is different from that of the high carrier density film, particularly at low temperatures. The low carrier density film shows a peak ~250 K in mobility as a function of temperature which is contrast to the temperature independent mobility observed for the high density film for T < 300 K. We have investigated theoretically the effect of concentration of donor, acceptor, and threading dislocations on the carrier mobility in these films. Various electron-scattering mechanisms for the mobility in these films have been discussed.
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