IntroductionPrescription patterns of antidiabetic drugs in the period from 2012 to 2018 were investigated based on the Diabetes Registry Tyrol. To validate the findings, we compared the numbers with trends of different national registries conducted in a comparable period of time.Research design and methodsMedication data, prescription patterns, age groups, antidiabetic therapies and quality parameters (hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, complications) of 10 875 patients with type 2 diabetes from 2012 to 2018 were retrospectively assessed and descriptively analyzed. The changes were assessed using a time series analysis with linear regression and prescription trends were plotted over time.ResultsSodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) showed a significant increase in prescription from 2012 to 2018 (p<0.001), as well as metformin (p=0.002), gliptins (p=0.013) and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1a) (p=0.017). Significant reduction in sulfonylurea prescriptions (p<0.001) was observed. Metformin was the most frequently prescribed antidiabetic drug (51.3%), followed by insulin/analogs (34.6%), gliptins (28.2%), SGLT-2i (11.7%), sulfonylurea (9.1%), glitazones (3.7%), GLP-1a (2.8%) and glucosidase inhibitors (0.4%).ConclusionsIn this long-term, real-world study on prescription changes in the Diabetes Registry Tyrol, we observed significant increase in SGLT-2i, metformin, gliptins and GLP-1a prescriptions. In contrast prescriptions for sulfonylureas declined significantly. Changes were consistent over the years 2012–2018. Changes in prescription patterns occurred even before the publication of international and national guidelines. Thus, physicians change their prescription practice not only based on published guidelines, but even earlier on publication of cardiovascular outcome trials.

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This work examines the reaction kinetics of the syntheses of 1-phenoxyoctane from 1-bromooctane and sodium phenoxide in microemulsions with excess phases. It can be shown that an interfacial reaction model proposed in a previous paper [5] which describes the kinetics of the same reaction in a singlephased microemulsion can also be applied to two-phase systems. In this model the microemulsion is divided into an aqueous and an organic subvolume. The reaction takes place only at the interface between these subvolumes which is covered by a monolayer of surfactant molecules. This study shows that at constant temperatures the reaction rate is proportional to the fraction of surfactant in the microemulsion and therefore to size of the interfacial area. It does not depend on the presence and the size of excess phases.

Leg 17 sediments were analyzed for total carbon and acid-insoluble (organic) carbon using a LECO 70 Second Analyzer. The 3-cc sediment samples were first dried at 105° to 110°C and then ground to a homogeneous powder. The ground sediment was redried and two samples, a 0.1-g and a 0.5-g sample, were than weighed into LECO clay crucibles. The 0.5-g sample was acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid and washed with distilled water. The sample was then dried and analyzed for acid-insoluble carbon which is labeled in the table as "organic" carbon. The 0.1-g sample was analyzed for total carbon without further treatment. If the result showed less than 10% CaCθ3, an additional 0.5-g sample was analyzed for greater accuracy. The calcium carbonate percentages were calculated as follows: (% total C-% organic C) × 8.33 = % CaCθ3 Although other carbonates may be present, all acid-soluble carbon was calculated as calcium carbonate. All results are given in weight percent (Table 1). Precisions for the analyses are as follows: Total Carbon: (1.2 to 12%): ±0.2% (absolute variation) (0to 1.2%): ±0.04% (absolute variation) Organic Carbon: ±0.04% (absolute variation) Calcium Carbonate: (10 to 100%): ±2% (absolute variation) (0 to 10%): ±0.6% (absolute variation) Detailed descriptions of the technique and theory may be found in Bader, Gerard, et al. (1970) and Boyce and Bode (1972).

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