AimTo determine the diagnostic value of single symptoms and signs for coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with chest pain.MethodsSearches of two electronic databases (EMBASE 1980 to March 2008, PubMed 1970 to May 2009) and hand searching in seven journals were conducted. Eligible studies recruited patients presenting with acute or chronic chest pain. The target disease was CHD, with no restrictions regarding case definitions, eg, stable CHD, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), acute myocardial infarction (MI), or major cardiac event (MCE). Diagnostic tests of interest were items of medical history and physical examination. Bivariate random effects model was used to derive summary estimates of positive (pLR) and negative likelihood ratios (nLR).ResultsWe included 172 studies providing data on the diagnostic value of 42 symptoms and signs. With respect to case definition of CHD, diagnostically most useful tests were history of CHD (pLR = 3.59), known MI (pLR = 3.21), typical angina (pLR = 2.35), history of diabetes mellitus (pLR = 2.16), exertional pain (pLR = 2.13), history of angina pectoris (nLR = 0.42), and male sex (nLR = 0.49) for diagnosing stable CHD; pain radiation to right arm/shoulder (pLR = 4.43) and palpitation (pLR = 0.47) for diagnosing MI; visceral pain (pLR = 2.05) for diagnosing ACS; and typical angina (pLR = 2.60) and pain reproducible by palpation (pLR = 0.13) for predicting MCE.ConclusionsWe comprehensively reported the accuracy of a broad spectrum of single symptoms and signs for diagnosing myocardial ischemia. Our results suggested that the accuracy of several symptoms and signs varied in the published studies according to the case definition of CHD.

affect. Problem focused coping positively predicted positive affect. Socially supported coping predicted both negative and positive affect. Conclusion: The present study found that the employment of different coping strategies and sense of coherence had an impact on affect and therefore also the emotional well-being among patients with chronic heart failure.

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